References
Ada, L., Dorsch, S., & Canning, C. G. (2006). Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 52(4), 241-248.
Addas, B. M., & Midha, R. (2009). Nerve transfers for severe nerve injury. Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 20(1), 27-38.
Ahuja, C. S., Nori, S., Tetreault, L., Wilson, J., Kwon, B., Harrop, J., … & Fehlings, M. G. (2017). Traumatic spinal cord injury—repair and regeneration. Neurosurgery, 80(3S), S9-S22.
Alon, G., & McBride, K. (2003). Persons with C5 or C6 tetraplegia achieve selected functional gains using a neuroprosthesis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 84(1), 119-124.
Anderson, K. D. (2004). Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. Journal of neurotrauma, 21(10), 1371-1383.
Anderson, K. D., Fridén, J., & Lieber, R. L. (2009). Acceptable benefits and risks associated with surgically improving arm function in individuals living with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 47(4), 334.
Athanasiou, A., Terzopoulos, N., Pandria, N., Xygonakis, I., Foroglou, N., Polyzoidis, K., & Bamidis, P. D. (2018). Functional brain connectivity during multiple motor imagery tasks in spinal cord injury. Neural plasticity, 2018.
Baker, L. L., McNeal, D. R., Benton, L. A., Bowman, B. R., & Waters, R. L. (1993). NeuroMuscular Electrical Stimulation: A Practical Guide. Downey, CA: Los Amigos Research and Education Institute.
Backus, D. (2010). Exploring the potential for neural recovery after incomplete tetraplegia through nonsurgical interventions. PM&R, 2(12), S279-S285.
Backus, D., Cordo, P., Gillott, A., Kandilakis, C., Mori, M., & Raslan, A. M. (2014). Assisted movement with proprioceptive stimulation reduces impairment and restores function in incomplete spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 95(8), 1447-1453.
Barlow, J., Wright, C., Sheasby, J., Turner, A., & Hainsworth, J. (2002). Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient education and counseling, 48(2), 177-187.
Bedbrook, G. M. (2013). The care and management of spinal cord injuries. Springer Science & Business Media.
Beekhuizen, K. S. (2005). New perspectives on improving upper extremity function after spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 29(3), 157-162.
Beekhuizen, K. S., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2008). Sensory stimulation augments the effects of massed practice training in persons with tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(4), 602-608.
Bekhet, A. H., Bochkezanian, V., Saab, I. M., & Gorgey, A. S. (2019). The effects of electrical stimulation parameters in managing spasticity after spinal cord injury: a systematic review. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 98(6), 484-499.
Belci, M., Catley, M., Husain, M., Frankel, H. L., & Davey, N. J. (2004). Magnetic brain stimulation can improve clinical outcome in incomplete spinal cord injured patients. Spinal cord, 42(7), 417.
Bennett, M. I., Bagnall, A. M., & José Closs, S. (2009). How effective are patient-based educational interventions in the management of cancer pain? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain, 143(3), 192–199.
Bernet, M., Sommerhalder, K., Mischke, C., Hahn, S., & Wyss, A. (2018). “Theory Does Not Get You From Bed to Wheelchair.” Rehabilitation Nursing, 1.doi:10.1097/rnj.0000000000000175
Bertelli, J. A., Ghizoni, M. F., & Tacca, C. P. (2011). Transfer of the teres minor motor branch for triceps reinnervation in tetraplegia: case report. Journal of neurosurgery, 114(5), 1457-1460.
Bertelli, J. A., & Ghizoni, M. F. (2017). Nerve transfers for restoration of finger flexion in patients with tetraplegia. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine, 26(1), 55-61.
Bertelli, J. A., & Ghizoni, M. F. (2015). Nerve transfers for elbow and finger extension reconstruction in midcervical spinal cord injuries. Journal of neurosurgery, 122(1), 121-127.
Birbaumer, N., Murguialday, A. R., & Cohen, L. (2008). Brain–computer interface in paralysis. Current opinion in neurology, 21(6), 634-638.
Bizzi, E., Cheung, V. C. K., d’Avella, A., Saltiel, P., & Tresch, M. (2008). Combining modules for movement. Brain research reviews, 57(1), 125-133.
Blabe, C. H., Gilja, V., Chestek, C. A., Shenoy, K. V., Anderson, K. D., & Henderson, J. M. (2015). Assessment of brain–machine interfaces from the perspective of people with paralysis. Journal of neural engineering, 12(4), 043002.
Blackburn, J. (2003). Trager® psychophysical integration–an overview. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 7(4), 233-239.
Borges, L. R., Fernandes, A. B., Melo, L. P., Guerra, R. O., & Campos, T. F. (2018). Action observation for upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 21(10), 234-244.
Bradbury, E. J., Moon, L. D., Popat, R. J., King, V. R., Bennett, G. S., Patel, P. N., … & McMahon, S. B. (2002). Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature, 416(6881), 636.
Brown, J. M. (2011). Nerve transfers in tetraplegia I: background and technique. Surgical neurology international, 2.
Brown, J. M. (2012). The reconstructive neurosurgery of spinal cord injury (pp. 134-168). New York: Oxford University Press.
Brown, J. M., Vivio, N., & Sheean, G. L. (2012). The clinical practice of reconstructive neurosurgery. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, 114(5), 506-514.
Brucker, B. S., & Buylaeva, N. V. (1996). Biofeedback effect on electromyography responses in patients with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 77(2), 133-137.
Bryden, A. M., Memberg, W. D., & Crago, P. E. (2000). Electrically stimulated elbow extension in persons with C5/C6 tetraplegia: a functional and physiological evaluation. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 81(1), 80-88.
Bryden, A. M., Kilgore, K. L., Lind, B. B., & David, T. Y. (2004). Triceps denervation as a predictor of elbow flexion contractures in C5 and C6 tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 85(11), 1880-1885.
Bryden, A., Sinnott, A., & Mulcahey, M. J. (2005). Innovative strategies for improving upper extremity function in tetraplegia and considerations in measuring functional outcomes. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 10(4), 75-93.
Buchli, A. D., & Schwab, M. E. (2005). Inhibition of Nogo: a key strategy to increase regeneration, plasticity and functional recovery of the lesioned central nervous system. Annals of medicine, 37(8), 556-567.
Bunday, K. L., Tazoe, T., Rothwell, J. C., & Perez, M. A. (2014). Subcortical control of precision grip after human spinal cord injury. Journal of Neuroscience, 34(21), 7341-7350.
Bunday, K. L., Urbin, M. A., & Perez, M. A. (2018). Potentiating paired corticospinal-motoneuronal plasticity after spinal cord injury. Brain stimulation, 11(5), 1083-1092.
Burns, A. S., & Meythaler, J. M. (2001). Intrathecal baclofen in tetraplegia of spinal origin: efficacy for upper extremity hypertonia. Spinal Cord, 39(8), 413.
Cameron, T., Breton, J. G., Needham-Shropshire, B., & Klose, K. J. (1998). An upper body exercise system incorporating resistive exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMS). The journal of spinal cord medicine, 21(1), 1-6.
Cameron, T., Loeb, G. E., Peck, R. A., Schulman, J. H., Strojnik, P., & Troyk, P. R. (1997). Micromodular implants to provide electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles and limbs. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 44(9), 781-790.
Cappello, L., Meyer, J. T., Galloway, K. C., Peisner, J. D., Granberry, R., Wagner, D. A., … & Walsh, C. J. (2018). Assisting hand function after spinal cord injury with a fabric-based soft robotic glove. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 15(1), 59.
Carlson, M. J., & Krahn, G. (2006). Use of complementary and alternative medicine practitioners by people with physical disabilities: estimates from a National US Survey. Disability and rehabilitation, 28(8), 505-513.
Carroll, S., Coope, C., Brown, D., Sormann, G., Flood, S., & Denison, M. (2000). Australian Experience with the Freehand System® for Restoring Graspin Quadriplegia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, 70(8), 563-568.
Cheung, V. C., d’Avella, A., Tresch, M. C., & Bizzi, E. (2005). Central and sensory contributions to the activation and organization of muscle synergies during natural motor behaviors. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(27), 6419-6434.
Coignard, P., Departe, J. P., Neris, O. R., Baillet, A., Bar, A., Drean, D., … & Le Guiet, J. L. (2013). ANSO study: evaluation in an indoor environment of a mobile assistance robotic grasping arm. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 56(9-10), 621-633.
Collinger, J. L., Boninger, M. L., Bruns, T. M., Curley, K., Wang, W., & Weber, D. J. (2013). Functional priorities, assistive technology, and brain-computer interfaces after spinal cord injury. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 50(2), 145.
Coster, S., & Norman, I. (2009). Cochrane reviews of educational and self-management interventions to guide nursing practice: A review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(4), 508–528.
Côté, M. P., Azzam, G. A., Lemay, M. A., Zhukareva, V., & Houlé, J. D. (2011). Activity-dependent increase in neurotrophic factors is associated with an enhanced modulation of spinal reflexes after spinal cord injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 28(2), 299-309.
Cortes, M., Elder, J., Rykman, A., Murray, L., Avedissian, M., Stampas, A., … & Edwards, D. J. (2013). Improved motor performance in chronic spinal cord injury following upper-limb robotic training. NeuroRehabilitation, 33(1), 57-65.
Cortes, M., Medeiros, A. H., Gandhi, A., Lee, P., Krebs, H. I., Thickbroom, G., & Edwards, D. (2017). Improved grasp function with transcranial direct current stimulation in chronic spinal cord injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 41(1), 51-59.
Coulet, B., Allieu, Y., & Chammas, M. (2002). Injured metamere and functional surgery of the tetraplegic upper limb. Hand clinics, 18(3), 399-412.
Coulet, B., Waitzenegger, T., Teissier, J., Lazerges, C., Chammas, M., Fattal, C., & Cambon-Binder, A. (2018). Arthrodesis Versus Carpometacarpal Preservation in Key-Grip Procedures in Tetraplegic Patients: A Comparative Study of 40 Cases. The Journal of hand surgery, 43(5), 483-e1.
Courtine, G., & Sofroniew, M. V. (2019). Spinal cord repair: advances in biology and technology. Nature medicine, 1.
Colyer, R. A., & Kappelman, B. O. N. N. I. E. (1981). Flexor pollicis longus tenodesis in tetraplegia at the sixth cervical level. A prospective evaluation of functional gain. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 63(3), 376-379.
Crane, D. A., Hoffman, J. M., & Reyes, M. R. (2017). Benefits of an exercise wellness program after spinal cord injury. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 40(2), 154-158.
Curt, A., Van Hedel, H. J., Klaus, D., Dietz, V., & EM-SCI study group. (2008). Recovery from a spinal cord injury: significance of compensation, neural plasticity, and repair. Journal of neurotrauma, 25(6), 677-685.
Curtin, M. (1994). Development of a tetraplegic hand assessment and splinting protocol. Spinal Cord, 32(3), 159.
Curtin, C. M., Gater, D. R., & Chung, K. C. (2005). Upper extremity reconstruction in the tetraplegic population, a national epidemiologic study. The Journal of hand surgery, 30(1), 94-99.
Curtis, K. A., Tyner, T. M., Zachary, L., Lentell, G., Brink, D., Didyk, T., … & Lesina, S. (1999). Effect of a standard exercise protocol on shoulder pain in long-term wheelchair users. Spinal cord, 37(6), 421.
Dalyan, M., Sherman, A., & Cardenas, D. D. (1998). Factors associated with contractures in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 36(6), 405.
d’Avella, A., Saltiel, P., & Bizzi, E. (2003). Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior. Nature neuroscience, 6(3), 300.
Deakin, T. A., McShane, C. E., Cade, J. E., & Williams, R. (2005). Group based training for self‐management strategies in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (2).
Dias, P., Silva, R., Amorim, P., Laíns, J., Roque, E., Serôdio, I., … & Potel, M. (2019). Using Virtual Reality to Increase Motivation in Poststroke Rehabilitation. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 39(1), 64-70.
Dietz, V., & Fouad, K. (2013). Restoration of sensorimotor functions after spinal cord injury. Brain, 137(3), 654-667.
Dimbwadyo-Terrer, I., de los Reyes-Guzmán, A., Bernal-Sahún, A., López-Monteagudo, P., Trincado-Alonso, F., Polonio-López, B., & Gil-Agudo, Á. (2013). Virtual reality system toyra: a new tool to assess and treatment for upper limb motor impairment in patients with spinal cord injury. In Converging Clinical and Engineering Research on Neurorehabilitation (pp. 853-858). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Dimbwadyo-Terrer, I., Gil-Agudo, A., Segura-Fragoso, A., de los Reyes-Guzmán, A., Trincado-Alonso, F., Piazza, S., & Polonio-López, B. (2016). Effectiveness of the virtual reality system Toyra on upper limb function in people with tetraplegia: a pilot randomized clinical trial. BioMed research international, 2016.
Dimbwadyo-Terrer, I., Trincado-Alonso, F., de los Reyes-Guzmán, A., Aznar, M. A., Alcubilla, C., Pérez-Nombela, S., … & Gil-Agudo, A. (2016). Upper limb rehabilitation after spinal cord injury: a treatment based on a data glove and an immersive virtual reality environment. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 11(6), 462-467.
Dimbwadyo-Terrer, I., Trincado-Alonso, F., De los Reyes-Guzmán, A., López-Monteagudo, P., Polonio-López, B., & Gil-Agudo, A. (2016). Activities of daily living assessment in spinal cord injury using the virtual reality system Toyra®: functional and kinematic correlations. Virtual Reality, 20(1), 17-26.
DiPasquale-Lehnerz, P. (1994). Orthotic intervention for development of hand function with C-6 quadriplegia. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(2), 138-144.
Di Rienzo, F., Guillot, A., Mateo, S., Daligault, S., Delpuech, C., Rode, G., & Collet, C. (2014). Neuroplasticity of prehensile neural networks after quadriplegia. Neuroscience, 274, 82-92.
Di Rienzo, F., Guillot, A., Mateo, S., Daligault, S., Delpuech, C., Rode, G., & Collet, C. (2015). Neuroplasticity of imagined wrist actions after spinal cord injury: a pilot study. Experimental brain research, 233(1), 291-302.
Ditunno Jr, J. F. (1999). Predicting recovery after spinal cord injury: a rehabilitation imperative. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(4), 361-364.
Drolet, M., Noreau, L., Vachon, J., & Moffet, H. (1999). Muscle strength changes as measured by dynamometry following functional rehabilitation in individuals with spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 80(7), 791-800.
Dunkerley, A. L., Ashburn, A., & Stack, E. L. (2000). Deltoid triceps transfer and functional independence of people with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord, 38(7), 435.
Dunn, J. A., Hay-Smith, E. J. C., Whitehead, L. C., & Keeling, S. (2012). Issues influencing the decision to have upper limb surgery for people with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord, 50(11), 844.
Dunn, J. A., Rothwell, A. G., Mohammed, K. D., & Sinnott, K. A. (2014). The effects of aging on upper limb tendon transfers in patients with tetraplegia. The Journal of hand surgery, 39(2), 317-323.
Dunn, J. A., Mohammed, K. D., Beadel, G. P., Rothwell, A. G., & Simcock, J. W. (2017). A comparative outcome study of hamstring versus tibialis anterior and synthetic grafts for deltoid to triceps transfers. The Journal of hand surgery, 42(10), 833-e1.
Dyson-Hudson, T. A., Shiflett, S. C., Kirshblum, S. C., Bowen, J. E., & Druin, E. L. (2001). Acupuncture and Trager psychophysical integration in the treatment of wheelchair user’s shoulder pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(8), 1038-1046.
Ejeskär, A., & Dahllöf, A. (1988). Results of reconstructive surgery in the upper limb of tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord, 26(3), 204.
Ertelt, D., Small, S., Solodkin, A., Dettmers, C., McNamara, A., Binkofski, F., & Buccino, G. (2007). Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage, 36, T164-T173.
Evans, N., Wingo, B., Sasso, E., Hicks, A., Gorgey, A. S., & Harness, E. (2015). Exercise recommendations and considerations for persons with spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 96(9), 1749-1750.
Failla, J. M., Peimer, C. A., & Sherwin, F. S. (1990). Brachioradialis transfer for digital palsy. Journal of Hand Surgery, 15(3), 312-316.
Fan, Q., Cavus, O., Xiong, L., & Xia, Y. (2018). Spinal Cord Injury: How Could Acupuncture Help?. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 11(4), 124-132.
Flinn, N.A., Radomski, M. V., & Latham, C. A. T. (Eds.). (2008). Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Foldes, S. T., Weber, D. J., & Collinger, J. L. (2015). MEG-based neurofeedback for hand rehabilitation. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 12(1), 85.
Forner-Cordero, I., Mudarra-Garcia, J., Forner-Valero, J. V., & Vilar-De-La-Pena, R. (2003). The role of upper limb surgery in tetraplegia. Spinal Cord, 41(2), 90.
Fox, P. M., Suarez, P., Hentz, V. R., & Curtin, C. M. (2015a). Access to surgical upper extremity care for people with tetraplegia: an international perspective. Spinal cord, 53(4), 302.
Fox, I. K., Davidge, K. M., Novak, C. B., Hoben, G., Kahn, L. C., Juknis, N., … & Mackinnon, S. E. (2015b). Nerve transfers to restore upper extremity function in cervical spinal cord injury: update and preliminary outcomes. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 136(4), 780-792.
Fox, I. K., Davidge, K. M., Novak, C. B., Hoben, G., Kahn, L. C., Juknis, N., … & Mackinnon, S. E. (2015c). Use of peripheral nerve transfers in tetraplegia: Evaluation of feasibility and morbidity. Hand, 10(1), 60-67.
Fox, I. K., Novak, C. B., Krauss, E. M., Hoben, G. M., Zaidman, C. M., Ruvinskaya, R., … & Mackinnon, S. E. (2018). The use of nerve transfers to restore upper extremity function in cervical spinal cord injury. PM&R, 10(11), 1173-1184.
Freehafer, A. A., Kelly, C. M., & Peckham, P. H. (1984). Tendon transfer for the restoration of upper limb function after a cervical spinal cord injury. The Journal of hand surgery, 9(6), 887-893.
Freehafer, A. A. (1998). Tendon transfers in tetraplegic patients: the Cleveland experience. Spinal Cord, 36(5), 315. Friedenberg, Z. B. (1954). Transposition of the biceps brachii for triceps weakness. JBJS, 36(3), 656-658.
Fridén, J., Gohritz, A., Turcsányi, I., & Ejeskär, A. (2012). Restoration of active palmar abduction of the thumb in tetraplegia by tendon transfer of the extensor digiti minimi to abductor pollicis brevis. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 37(7), 665-672.
Fridén, J., Reinholdt, C., Gohritz, A., Peace, W. J., Ward, S. R., & Lieber, R. L. (2012). Simultaneous powering of forearm pronation and key pinch in tetraplegia using a single muscle-tendon unit. Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume), 37(4), 323-328.
Fridén, J., Reinholdt, C., Wangdell, J., & Gohritz, A. (2014). Upper extremity reconstruction in non-traumatic spinal cord injuries: an under-recognized opportunity. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 46(1), 33-38.
Frullo, J. M., Elinger, J., Pehlivan, A. U., Fitle, K., Nedley, K., Francisco, G. E., … & O’Malley, M. K. (2017). Effects of assist-as-needed upper extremity robotic therapy after incomplete spinal cord injury: a parallel-group controlled trial. Frontiers in neurorobotics, 11, 26.
Gad, P., Lee, S., Terrafranca, N., Zhong, H., Turner, A., Gerasimenko, Y., & Edgerton, V. R. (2018). Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis. Journal of neurotrauma, 35(18), 2145-2158.
Fridén, J., Reinholdt, C., Wangdell, J., & Gohritz, A. (2014). Upper extremity reconstruction in non-traumatic spinal cord injuries: an under-recognized opportunity. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 46(1), 33-38.
Frullo, J. M., Elinger, J., Pehlivan, A. U., Fitle, K., Nedley, K., Francisco, G. E., … & O’Malley, M. K. (2017). Effects of assist-as-needed upper extremity robotic therapy after incomplete spinal cord injury: a parallel-group controlled trial. Frontiers in neurorobotics, 11, 26.
Gad, P., Lee, S., Terrafranca, N., Zhong, H., Turner, A., Gerasimenko, Y., & Edgerton, V. R. (2018). Non-invasive activation of cervical spinal networks after severe paralysis. Journal of neurotrauma, 35(18), 2145-2158.
Gant, K. L., Nagle, K. G., Cowan, R. E., Field-Fote, E. C., Nash, M. S., Kressler, J., … & Anderson, K. D. (2018). Body system effects of a multi-modal training program targeting chronic, motor complete thoracic spinal cord injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 35(3), 411-423.
Gansel, J. O. H. N., Waters, R., & Gellman, H. (1990). Transfer of the pronator teres tendon to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus in tetraplegia. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 72(3), 427-432.
Gibson, P. G., Powell, H., Wilson, A., Abramson, M. J., Haywood, P., Bauman, A., … Roberts, J. J. L. (2009). Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Gomes-Osman, J., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2015). Cortical vs. afferent stimulation as an adjunct to functional task practice training: a randomized, comparative pilot study in people with cervical spinal cord injury. Clinical rehabilitation, 29(8), 771-782.
Gomes-Osman, J., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2013). Bihemispheric anodal corticomotor stimulation using transcranial direct current stimulation improves bimanual typing task performance. Journal of motor behavior, 45(4), 361-367.
Gomes-Osman, J., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2015). Improvements in hand function in adults with chronic tetraplegia following a multi-day 10Hz rTMS intervention combined with repetitive task practice. Journal of neurologic physical therapy: JNPT, 39(1), 23.
Gomes-Osman, J., Tibbett, J. A., Poe, B. P., & Field-Fote, E. C. (2017). Priming for improved hand strength in persons with chronic tetraplegia: a comparison of priming-augmented functional task practice, priming alone, and conventional exercise training. Frontiers in neurology, 7, 242.
Gómez-Pinilla, F., Ying, Z., Roy, R. R., Molteni, R., & Edgerton, V. R. (2002). Voluntary exercise induces a BDNF-mediated mechanism that promotes neuroplasticity. Journal of neurophysiology, 88(5), 2187-2195.
Gregersen, H., Lybæk, M., Lauge Johannesen, I., Leicht, P., Nissen, U. V., & Biering-Sørensen, F. (2015). Satisfaction with upper extremity surgery in individuals with tetraplegia. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 38(2), 161-169.
Grover, J., Gellman, H., & Waters, R. L. (1996). The effect of a flexion contracture of the elbow on the ability to transfer in patients who have quadriplegia at the sixth cervical level. JBJS, 78(9), 1397-1400.
Forner-Cordero, I., Mudarra-Garcia, J., Forner-Valero, J. V., & Vilar-De-La-Pena, R. (2003). The role of upper limb surgery in tetraplegia. Spinal Cord, 41(2), 90.
Haisma, J. A., Bussmann, J. B., Stam, H. J., Sluis, T. A., Bergen, M. P., Dallmeijer, A. J., … & van der Woude, L. H. (2006). Changes in physical capacity during and after inpatient rehabilitation in subjects with a spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 87(6), 741-748.
Hanson, R. W., & Franklin, M. R. (1976). Sexual loss in relation to other functional losses for spinal cord injured males. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 57(6), 291-293.
Harvey, L. (1996). Principles of conservative management for a non-orthotic tenodesis grip in tetraplegics. Journal of Hand Therapy, 9(3), 238-242.
Harvey, L., de Jong, I., Goehl, G., & Marwedel, S. (2006). Twelve weeks of nightly stretch does not reduce thumb web-space contractures in people with a neurological condition: a randomised controlled trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 52(4), 251-258.
Harvey, L. A., Dunlop, S. A., Churilov, L., Galea, M. P., Hands, S. C. I. P. A. S., & Collaborators, O. T. (2016). Early intensive hand rehabilitation is not more effective than usual care plus one-to-one hand therapy in people with sub-acute spinal cord injury (‘Hands On’): a randomised trial. Journal of physiotherapy, 62(2), 88-95.
Hawasli, A. H., Chang, J., Reynolds, M. R., & Ray, W. Z. (2015). Transfer of the brachialis to the anterior interosseous nerve as a treatment strategy for cervical spinal cord injury. Global spine journal, 5(02), 110-117.
Hentz, V. R., Brown, M., & Keoshian, L. A. (1983). Upper limb reconstruction in quadriplegia: functional assessment and proposed treatment modifications. The Journal of hand surgery, 8(2), 119-131.
Hentz, V. R. (2002). Surgical strategy: matching the patient with the procedure. Hand clinics, 18(3), 503-518.
Hicks, A. L., Martin, K. A., Ditor, D. S., Latimer, A. E., Craven, C., Bugaresti, J., & McCartney, N. (2003). Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being. Spinal cord, 41(1), 34.
Hincapie, J. G., Blana, D., Chadwick, E. K., & Kirsch, R. F. (2008). Musculoskeletal model-guided, customizable selection of shoulder and elbow muscles for a C5 SCI neuroprosthesis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 16(3), 255-263.
Hobby J, Taylor PN, Esnouf J. Restoration of tetraplegic hand function by use of the neurocontrol Freehand System. J Hand Surg Br 2001;26B:459-64.
Hodkin, E. F., Lei, Y., Humby, J., Glover, I. S., Choudhury, S., Kumar, H., … & Jackson, A. (2018). Automated FES for upper limb rehabilitation following stroke and spinal cord injury. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(5), 1067-1074.
Hoffman, H., Sierro, T., Niu, T., Sarino, M. E., Sarrafzadeh, M., McArthur, D., … & Lu, D. C. (2017). Rehabilitation of hand function after spinal cord injury using a novel handgrip device: a pilot study. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 14(1), 22.
Hoffman, L., & Field-Fote, E. (2013). Effects of practice combined with somatosensory or motor stimulation on hand function in persons with spinal cord injury. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 19(4), 288-299.
Hoshimiya, N. (1989). A master-slave type multichannel functional electrical stimulation (FES) system for the control of the paralyzed upper extremities. Automedia, 11, 209-220.
Houle, J. D., Morris, K., Skinner, R. D., Garcia‐Rill, E., & Peterson, C. A. (1999). Effects of fetal spinal cord tissue transplants and cycling exercise on the soleus muscle in spinalized rats. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, 22(7), 846-856.
House, J. H., Comadoll, J., & Dahl, A. L. (1992). One-stage key pinch and release with thumb carpal-metacarpal fusion in tetraplegia. The Journal of hand surgery, 17(3), 530-538.
Howlett, O. A., Lannin, N. A., Ada, L., & McKinstry, C. (2015). Functional electrical stimulation improves activity after stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 96(5), 934-943.
Hummel, J. M., Snoek, G. J., van Til, J. A., van Rossum, W., & IJzerman, M. J. (2005). A multicriteria decision analysis of augmentative treatment of upper limbs in persons with tetraplegia. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 42(5), 635.
Iwahashi, K., Hayashi, T., Watanabe, R., Nishimura, A., Ueta, T., Maeda, T., & Shiba, K. (2017). Effects of orthotic therapeutic electrical stimulation in the treatment of patients with paresis associated with acute cervical spinal cord injury: A randomized control trial. Spinal cord, 55(12), 1066.
James, N. D., McMahon, S. B., Field-Fote, E. C., & Bradbury, E. J. (2018). Neuromodulation in the restoration of function after spinal cord injury. The Lancet Neurology, 17(10), 905-917.
Jarus, T. (1994). Motor learning and occupational therapy: The organization of practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48(9), 810-816.
Johnstone, B. R., Jordan, C. J., & Buntine, J. A. (1988). A review of surgical rehabilitation of the upper limb in quadriplegia. Spinal Cord, 26(5), 317.
Keith, M. W., & Lacey, S. H. (1991). Surgical rehabilitation of the tetraplegic upper extremity. Journal of Neurologic Rehabilitation, 5(1-2), 75-87.
Keith, M. W., & Peljovich, A. (2012). Surgical treatments to restore function control in spinal cord injury. In Handbook of clinical neurology (Vol. 109, pp. 167-179). Elsevier.
Kelly, C. M., Freehafer, A. A., Peckham, P. H., & Stroh, K. (1985). Postoperative results of opponensplasty and flexor tendon transfer in patients with spinal cord injuries. The Journal of hand surgery, 10(6), 890-894.
Kilduski, N. C., & Rice, M. S. (2003). Qualitative and quantitative knowledge of results: effects on motor learning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(3), 329-336.
Kilgore, K. L., Peckham, P. H., Keith, M. W., Thrope, G. B., Wuolle, K. S., Bryden, A. M., & Hart, R. L. (1997). An implanted upper-extremity neuroprosthesis. Follow-up of five patients. JBJS, 79(4), 533-41.
Kilgore, K. L., Hoyen, H. A., Bryden, A. M., Hart, R. L., Keith, M. W., & Peckham, P. H. (2008). An implanted upper-extremity neuroprosthesis using myoelectric control. The Journal of hand surgery, 33(4), 539-550.
Kilgore, K. L., Bryden, A., Keith, M. W., Hoyen, H. A., Hart, R. L., Nemunaitis, G. A., & Peckham, P. H. (2018). Evolution of neuroprosthetic approaches to restoration of upper extremity function in spinal cord injury. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 24(3), 252-264.
Kim, B., In, H., Lee, D. Y., & Cho, K. J. (2017). Development and assessment of a hand assist device: GRIPIT. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 14(1), 15.
Kim, E., & Kim, K. (2015). Effect of purposeful action observation on upper extremity function in stroke patients. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(9), 2867-2869.
Kimberley, T. J., Lewis, S. M., Auerbach, E. J., Dorsey, L. L., Lojovich, J. M., & Carey, J. R. (2004). Electrical stimulation driving functional improvements and cortical changes in subjects with stroke. Experimental Brain Research, 154(4), 450-460.
Kirshblum, S., Millis, S., McKinley, W., & Tulsky, D. (2004). Late neurologic recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 85(11), 1811-1817.
Kirshblum, S., & Lin, V. W. (Eds.). (2018). Spinal cord medicine. Springer Publishing Company.
Klamroth-Marganska, V., Blanco, J., Campen, K., Curt, A., Dietz, V., Ettlin, T., … & Luft, A. (2014). Three-dimensional, task-specific robot therapy of the arm after stroke: a multicentre, parallel-group randomised trial. The Lancet Neurology, 13(2), 159-166.
Klose, K. J., Needham, B. M., Schmidt, D., Broton, J. G., & Green, B. A. (1993). An assessment of the contribution of electromyographic biofeedback as an adjunct therapy in the physical training of spinal cord injured persons. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 74(5), 453-456.
Knutson, J. S., Makowski, N. S., Kilgore, K. L., & Chae, J. (2019). Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Applications. In Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices (pp. 432-439). Content Repository Only!.
Kohlmeyer, K. M., Hill, J. P., Yarkony, G. M., & Jaeger, R. J. (1996). Electrical stimulation and biofeedback effect on recovery of tenodesis grasp: a controlled study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 77(7), 702-706.
Kozin, S.H. (2002). Tetraplegia. J Hand Surg Am, 2(3):141-52.
Kozin, S. H., D’Addesi, L., Chafetz, R. S., Ashworth, S., & Mulcahey, M. J. (2010). Biceps-to-triceps transfer for elbow extension in persons with tetraplegia. The Journal of hand surgery, 35(6), 968-975.
Krajnik, S. R., & Bridle, M. J. (1992). Hand splinting in quadriplegia: current practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46(2), 149-156.
Krucoff, M. O., Rahimpour, S., Slutzky, M. W., Edgerton, V. R., & Turner, D. A. (2016). Enhancing nervous system recovery through neurobiologics, neural interface training, and neurorehabilitation. Frontiers in neuroscience, 10, 584.
Kuk, E. J., Kim, J. M., Oh, D. W., & Hwang, H. J. (2016). Effects of action observation therapy on hand dexterity and EEG-based cortical activation patterns in patients with post-stroke hemiparesis. Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 23(5), 318-325.
Kuz, J. E., Van Heest, A. E., & House, J. H. (1999). Biceps-to-triceps transfer in tetraplegic patients: report of the medial routing technique and follow-up of three cases. The Journal of hand surgery, 24(1), 161-172.
Lacey, S. H., Wilber, R. G., Peckham, P. H., & Freehafer, A. A. (1986). The posterior deltoid to triceps transfer: a clinical and biomechanical assessment. The Journal of hand surgery, 11(4), 542-547.
Lamb, D. W., & Chan, K. M. (1983). Surgical reconstruction of the upper limb in traumatic tetraplegia. A review of 41 patients. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume, 65(3), 291-298.
Lance, J. W. (1980). Pathophysiology of spasticity and clinical experience with baclofen. Spasticity: disordered motor control, 185-204.
Lee, M. H. M., Liao, S. J., Kottke, F. J., & Lehmann, J. F. (1990). Acupuncture in physiatry. Krusens Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, ed, 4, 402-32.
Lo, A. C., Guarino, P. D., Richards, L. G., Haselkorn, J. K., Wittenberg, G. F., Federman, D. G., … & Bever Jr, C. T. (2010). Robot-assisted therapy for long-term upper-limb impairment after stroke. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(19), 1772-1783.
Lo, I. K. Y., Turner, R., Connolly, S., Delaney, G., & Roth, J. H. (1998). The outcome of tendon transfers for C6-spared quadriplegics. Journal of Hand Surgery, 23(2), 156-161.
Lohse, K., Shirzad, N., Verster, A., Hodges, N., & Van der Loos, H. M. (2013). Video games and rehabilitation: using design principles to enhance engagement in physical therapy. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, 37(4), 166-175.
Mangold, S., Keller, T., Curt, A., & Dietz, V. (2005). Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation for grasping in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 43(1), 1.
Marino, R. J., Ditunno Jr, J. F., Donovan, W. H., & Maynard Jr, F. (1999). Neurologic recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury: data from the Model Spinal Cord Injury Systems. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(11), 1391-1396.
Marino, R. J., Burns, S., Graves, D. E., Leiby, B. E., Kirshblum, S., & Lammertse, D. P. (2011). Upper-and lower-extremity motor recovery after traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: an update from the national spinal cord injury database. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 92(3), 369-375.
Magill, R.A. (2001) Motor learning: concepts and applications. 6th Edn. New York, NY: McGrawHill.
McCarthy, C. K., House, J. H., Van Heest, A., Kawiecki, J. A., Dahl, A., & Hanson, D. (1997). Intrinsic balancing in reconstruction of the tetraplegic hand. The Journal of hand surgery, 22(4), 596-604.
McSweeney, T. (1969) Discussion to Freehafer AA. Care of the hand in cervical spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia, 7:118-30.
Medina, J., Marcos-García, A., Jiménez, I., Muratore, G., & Méndez-Suárez, J. L. (2017). Biceps to Triceps Transfer in Tetraplegic Patients: Our Experience and Review of the Literature. HAND, 12(1), 85-90.
Medina, J., Marcos-García, A., Jiménez, I., Muratore, G., & Méndez-Suárez, J. L. (2017). Biceps to Triceps Transfer in Tetraplegic Patients: Our Experience and Review of the Literature. HAND, 12(1), 85-90.
Meiners, T., Abel, R., Lindel, K., & Mesecke, U. (2002). Improvements in activities of daily living following functional hand surgery for treatment of lesions to the cervical spinal cord: self-assessment by patients. Spinal Cord, 40(11), 574.
Memberg, W. D., Crago, P. E., & Keith, M. W. (2003). Restoration of elbow extension via functional electrical stimulation in individuals with tetraplegia. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 40(6).
Meythaler, J. M., Guin-Renfroe, S., Grabb, P., & Hadley, M. N. (1999). Long-term continuously infused intrathecal baclofen for spastic-dystonic hypertonia in traumatic brain injury: 1-year experience. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(1), 13-19.
Midha, R. (2004). Nerve transfers for severe brachial plexus injuries: a review. Neurosurgical focus, 16(5), 1-10.
Moberg, E. R. I. K. (1975). Surgical treatment for absent single-hand grip and elbow extension in quadriplegia. Principles and preliminary experience. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 57(2), 196-206.
Mohammed, K. D., Rothwell, A. G., Sinclair, S. W., Willems, S. M., & Bean, A. R. (1992). Upper-limb surgery for tetraplegia. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume, 74(6), 873-879.
Mohindra, M., Gogna, P., Sangwan, S. S., Gaba, S., & Kundu, Z. S. (2017). The scope of upper limb surgery for tetraplegics: Role of tendon transfers and Universal Cuff. Acta orthopaedica et traumatologica turcica, 51(5), 367-371.
Mortimer, J. (1981) Motor Prostheses. Handbook of Physiology-The Nervous System II, American Physiological Society, 155-187.
Mulcahey, M. J., Lutz, C., Kozin, S. H., & Betz, R. R. (2003). Prospective evaluation of biceps to triceps and deltoid to triceps for elbow extension in tetraplegia. The Journal of hand surgery, 28(6), 964-971.
Mulcahey, M. J., Betz, R. R., Kozin, S. H., Smith, B. T., Hutchinson, D., & Lutz, C. (2004). Implantation of the Freehand System® during initial rehabilitation using minimally invasive techniques. Spinal Cord, 42(3), 146.
Mulcahey, M. J., Betz, R. R., Smith, B. T., Weiss, A. A., & Davis, S. E. (1997). Implanted functional electrical stimulation hand system in adolescents with spinal injuries: an evaluation. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 78(6), 597-607.
Murphy, C. P., & Chuinard, R. G. (1988). Management of the upper extremity in traumatic tetraplegia. Hand Clinics, 4(2), 201-209.
Nasser, M. E. T., Reda, M. A. E. H., Awad, M. R., Amin, I. R., & Assem, S. A. (2014). Effect of massed practice and somatosensory stimulation on the upper extremity function in patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 50(2), 189-196.
Needham-Shropshire, B., Broton, J., Cameron, T., & Klose, J. (1997). Improved motor function in tetraplegics following neuromuscular stimulation-assisted arm ergometry. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 20(1), 49-55.
Newell, K.M. (1991) Motor skill acquisition. Annu Rev Psychol, 42:213-37
Nightingale, T. E., Rouse, P. C., Walhin, J. P., Thompson, D., & Bilzon, J. L. (2018). Home-Based Exercise Enhances Health-Related Quality of Life in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 99(10), 1998-2006.
Onose, G., Grozea, C., Anghelescu, A., Daia, C., Sinescu, C. J., Ciurea, A. V., … & Popescu, C. (2012). On the feasibility of using motor imagery EEG-based brain–computer interface in chronic tetraplegics for assistive robotic arm control: a clinical test and long-term post-trial follow-up. Spinal cord, 50(8), 599.
Osuagwu, B. C., Wallace, L., Fraser, M., & Vuckovic, A. (2016). Rehabilitation of hand in subacute tetraplegic patients based on brain computer interface and functional electrical stimulation: a randomised pilot study. Journal of neural engineering, 13(6), 065002.
Overduin, S. A., d’Avella, A., Roh, J., & Bizzi, E. (2008). Modulation of muscle synergy recruitment in primate grasping. Journal of Neuroscience, 28(4), 880-892.
Page, S. J., Szaflarski, J. P., Eliassen, J. C., Pan, H., & Cramer, S. C. (2009). Cortical plasticity following motor skill learning during mental practice in stroke. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 23(4), 382-388.
Pandyan, A., Gregoric, M., Barnes, M. P., Wood, D., Wijck, F. V., Burridge, J., … & Johnson, G. R. (2005). Spasticity: clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disability and rehabilitation, 27(1-2), 2-6.
Pannek, J., Pannek-Rademacher, S., & Wöllner, J. (2015). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in persons with spinal cord injury in Switzerland: a survey study. Spinal cord, 53(7), 569.
Paralyzed Veterans of America Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. (1999). Outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury: clinical practice guidelines for health care professionals. The journal of spinal cord medicine.
Paralyzed Veterans of America Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. (2005). Preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 28(5), 434.
Paternostro-Sluga, T., Stieger, M. (2004) Hand splints in rehabilitation. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med, 16:233-256.
Patil, S., Raza, W. A., Jamil, F., Caley, R., & O’Connor, R. J. (2015). Functional electrical stimulation for the upper limb in tetraplegic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Journal of medical engineering & technology, 39(7), 419-423.
Peckham, P. H., Keith, M. W., Kilgore, K. L., Grill, J. H., Wuolle, K. S., Thrope, G. B., … & Hentz, V. R. (2001). Efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for restoring hand grasp in tetraplegia: a multicenter study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 82(10), 1380-1388.
Pedrocchi, A., Ferrante, S., Ambrosini, E., Gandolla, M., Casellato, C., Schauer, T., … & Reichenfelser, W. (2013). MUNDUS project: MUltimodal Neuroprosthesis for daily Upper limb Support. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 10(1), 66.
Peng, T. H., Zhu, J. D., Chen, C. C., Tai, R. Y., Lee, C. Y., & Hsieh, Y. W. (2019). Action observation therapy for improving arm function, walking ability, and daily activity performance after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical rehabilitation, 0269215519839108.
Peterchev, A. V., Wagner, T. A., Miranda, P. C., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., Lisanby, S. H., … & Bikson, M. (2012). Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: definition, selection, and reporting practices. Brain stimulation, 5(4), 435-453.
Peterson, C. L., Rogers, L. M., Bednar, M. S., Bryden, A. M., Keith, M. W., Perreault, E. J., & Murray, W. M. (2017). Posture-Dependent Corticomotor Excitability Differs Between the Transferred Biceps in Individuals With Tetraplegia and the Biceps of Nonimpaired Individuals. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 31(4), 354-363.
Pfurtscheller, G., Linortner, P., Winkler, R., Korisek, G., & Müller-Putz, G. (2009). Discrimination of motor imagery-induced EEG patterns in patients with complete spinal cord injury. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2009.
Politis, M.J., Korchinski, M.A. (1990) Beneficial effects of acupuncture treatment following experimental spinal cord injury: a behavioral morphological and biochemical study. Acupunct Electrother Res, 15:37-49.
Popović, D., Stojanović, A., Pjanović, A., Radosavljević, S., Popović, M., Jović, S., & Vulović, D. (1999). Clinical evaluation of the bionic glove. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(3), 299-304.
Popovic, M. R., Keller, T., Papas, I. P. I., Dietz, V., & Morari, M. (2001). Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 20(1), 82-93.
Popovic, M. R., Popovic, D. B., & Keller, T. (2002). Neuroprostheses for grasping. Neurological research, 24(5), 443-452.
Popovic, M. R., Thrasher, T. A., Adams, M. E., Takes, V., Zivanovic, V., & Tonack, M. I. (2006). Functional electrical therapy: retraining grasping in spinal cord injury. Spinal cord, 44(3), 143.
Portnova, A. A., Mukherjee, G., Peters, K. M., Yamane, A., & Steele, K. M. (2018). Design of a 3D-printed, open-source wrist-driven orthosis for individuals with spinal cord injury. PloS one, 13(2), e0193106.
Potter-Baker, K. A., Janini, D. P., Lin, Y. L., Sankarasubramanian, V., Cunningham, D. A., Varnerin, N. M., … & Plow, E. B. (2018). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) paired with massed practice training to promote adaptive plasticity and motor recovery in chronic incomplete tetraplegia: A pilot study. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 41(5), 503-517.
Prasad, S., Aikat, R., Labani, S., & Khanna, N. (2018). Efficacy of Virtual Reality in Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Asian spine journal, 12(5), 927.
Prochazka, A., Gauthier, M., Wieler, M., & Kenwell, Z. (1997). The bionic glove: an electrical stimulator garment that provides controlled grasp and hand opening in quadriplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 78(6), 608-614.
Rabischong, E., Benoit, P., Benichou, M., & Allieu, Y. (1993). Length–tension relationship of the posterior deltoid to triceps transfer in C6 tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord, 31(1), 33.
Raczka, R., Braun, R., & Waters, R. L. (1984). Posterior deltoid-to-triceps transfer in quadriplegia. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, (187), 163-167.
Ragnarsson, K. T. (2008). Functional electrical stimulation after spinal cord injury: current use, therapeutic effects and future directions. Spinal cord, 46(4), 255.
Raineteau, O., & Schwab, M. E. (2001). Plasticity of motor systems after incomplete spinal cord injury. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(4), 263.
Ran, C., Ba, S., & Liu, X. (1992). Acupuncture treatment of spinal paraplegia with acupoints selected, basing on neuroanatomy. World J Acupunct Mox, 2, 3-9.
Remy-Neris, O., Milcamps, J., Chikhi-Keromest, R., Thevenon, A., Bouttens, D., & Bouilland, S. (2003). Improved kinematics of unrestrained arm raising in C5–C6 tetraplegic subjects after deltoid-to-triceps transfer. Spinal Cord, 41(8), 435.
Revol, M., Cormerais, A., Laffont, I., Pedelucq, J. P., Dizien, O., & Servant, J. M. (2002). Tendon transfers as applied to tetraplegia. Hand clinics, 18(3), 423-439.
Rice, L. A., Smith, I., Kelleher, A. R., Greenwald, K., Hoelmer, C., & Boninger, M. L. (2013). Impact of the clinical practice guideline for preservation of upper limb function on transfer skills of persons with acute spinal cord injury. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 94(7), 1230-1246.
Riemsma, R. P., Kirwan, J. R., Taal, E., & Rasker, H. J. J. (2009). Patient education for adults with rheumatoid arthritis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Rieser, T. V., & Waters, R. L. (1986). Long-term follow-up of the Moberg key grip procedure. The Journal of hand surgery, 11(5), 724-728.
Rivers, C. S., Fallah, N., Noonan, V. K., Whitehurst, D. G., Schwartz, C. E., Finkelstein, J. A., … & Ho, C. (2018). Health conditions: effect on function, health-related quality of life, and life satisfaction after traumatic spinal cord injury. A prospective observational registry cohort study. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 99(3), 443-451.
Robinson, M. A., Elliott, D., Hayes, S. J., Barton, G. J., & Bennett, S. J. (2014). Primary and submovement control of aiming in C6 tetraplegics following posterior deltoid transfer. Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 11(1), 112.
Rothwell, A. G., Sinnott, K. A., Mohammed, K. D., Dunn, J. A., & Sinclair, S. W. (2003). Upper limb surgery for tetraplegia: a 10-year re-review of hand function. The Journal of hand surgery, 28(3), 489-497.
Rushton, D. N. (2003). Functional electrical stimulation and rehabilitation—an hypothesis. Medical engineering & physics, 25(1), 75-78.
Sabari, J.S. (2001). Teaching activities in occupational therapy. In: Pedretti LW, Early MB, eds. Occupational therapy: practice skill for physical dysfunction. 5th edn, 83-90.
Sale, P., Ceravolo, M. G., & Franceschini, M. (2014). Action observation therapy in the subacute phase promotes dexterity recovery in right-hemisphere stroke patients. BioMed research international, 2014.
Sandrow-Feinberg, H. R., Izzi, J., Shumsky, J. S., Zhukareva, V., & Houle, J. D. (2009). Forced exercise as a rehabilitation strategy after unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury. Journal of neurotrauma, 26(5), 721-731.
Scandola, M., Tidoni, E., Avesani, R., Brunelli, G., Aglioti, S. M., & Moro, V. (2014). Rubber hand illusion induced by touching the face ipsilaterally to a deprived hand: evidence for plastic “somatotopic” remapping in tetraplegics. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 404.
Scandola, M., Aglioti, S. M., Pozeg, P., Avesani, R., & Moro, V. (2017). Motor imagery in spinal cord injured people is modulated by somatotopic coding, perspective taking, and post‐lesional chronic pain. Journal of neuropsychology, 11(3), 305-326.
Schmidt, R. A., Lee, T. D., Winstein, C., Wulf, G., & Zelaznik, H. N. (2018). Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis. Human kinetics.
Scott, T. R., & Vare, V. A. (2015). Sensitivity analysis of a novel five-degrees-of-freedom user command controller in people with spinal cord injury and non-injured for full upper extremity neuroprosthesis, wearable powered orthoses and prosthetics. Medical & biological engineering & computing, 53(6), 511-523.
Seáñez-González, I., Pierella, C., Farshchiansadegh, A., Thorp, E., Wang, X., Parrish, T., & Mussa-Ivaldi, F. (2016). Body-machine interfaces after spinal cord injury: rehabilitation and brain plasticity. Brain sciences, 6(4), 61.
Shaw, E. J., Stokes, T., Camosso-Stefinovic, J., Baker, R., Baker, G. A., & Jacoby, A. (2009). Self-management education for adults with epilepsy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Shin, H. K., Cho, S. H., Jeon, H. S., Lee, Y. H., Song, J. C., Jang, S. H., … & Kwon, Y. H. (2008). Cortical effect and functional recovery by the electromyography-triggered neuromuscular stimulation in chronic stroke patients. Neuroscience letters, 442(3), 174-179.
Senjaya, F. & Midha, R. (2013). Nerve Transfer strategies for spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg, 80(6):319-26. Sicuri, C., Porcellini, G., & Merolla, G. (2014). Robotics in shoulder rehabilitation. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journal, 4(2), 207.
Simcock, J. W., Dunn, J. A., Buckley, N. T., Mohammed, K. D., Beadel, G. P., & Rothwell, A. G. (2017). Identification of patients with cervical SCI suitable for early nerve transfer to achieve hand opening. Spinal cord, 55(2), 131.
Sinnott, K. A., Dunn, J. A., Wangdell, J., Johanson, M. E., Hall, A. S., & Post, M. W. (2016). Measurement of outcomes of upper limb reconstructive surgery for tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 97(6), S169-S181.
Sipski, M. L., & Richards, J. S. (2006). Spinal cord injury rehabilitation: state of the science. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(4), 310-342.
Sriraman, A., Oishi, T., & Madhavan, S. (2014). Timing-dependent priming effects of tDCS on ankle motor skill learning. Brain research, 1581, 23-29.
Smith, B. T., Betz, R. R., Mulcahey, M. J., & Triolo, R. J. (1994). Reliability of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes for upper extremity functional neuromuscular stimulation in adolescents with C5 tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 75(9), 939-945.
Smith, B. T., Mulcahey, M. J., & Betz, R. R. (1996). Quantitative comparison of grasp and release abilities with and without functional neuromuscular stimulation in adolescents with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord, 34(1), 16.
Snoek, G. J., IJzerman, M. J., Stoffers, T. S., & Zilvold, G. (2000). Use of the Ness-HandmasterTM to restore hand function in tetraplegia: clinical experiences in 10 patients. Patient preferences for reconstructive interventions of the upper limb in tetraplegia, 38, 39.
Snoek, G. J., IJzerman, M. J., Hermens, H. J., Maxwell, D., & Biering-Sorensen, F. (2004). Survey of the needs of patients with spinal cord injury: impact and priority for improvement in hand function in tetraplegics. Spinal cord, 42(9), 526.
Snoek, G. J., IJzerman, M. J., Post, M. W., Stiggelbout, A. M., Roach, M. J., & Zilvold, G. (2005). Choice-based evaluation for the improvement of upper-extremity function compared with other impairments in tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(8), 1623-1630.
Squitieri, L., & Chung, K. C. (2008). Current utilization of reconstructive upper limb surgery in tetraplegia. Hand Clinics, 24(2), 169-173.
Steeves, J. D. (2007). International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis. Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury (SCI) as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial outcome measures. Spinal Cord, 45, 206-221.
Sturma, A., Hruby, L. A., Prahm, C., Mayer, J. A., & Aszmann, O. C. (2018). Rehabilitation of upper extremity nerve injuries using surface EMG biofeedback: Protocols for clinical application. Frontiers in neuroscience, 12, 906.
Sun, L., Yin, D., Zhu, Y., Fan, M., Zang, L., Wu, Y., … & Hu, Y. (2013). Cortical reorganization after motor imagery training in chronic stroke patients with severe motor impairment: a longitudinal fMRI study. Neuroradiology, 55(7), 913-925.
Taylor, P., Esnouf, J., & Hobby, J. (2001). Pattern of use and user satisfaction of Neuro Control Freehand system. Spinal Cord, 39(3), 156.
Taylor, P., Esnouf, J., & Hobby, J. (2002). The functional impact of the Freehand System on tetraplegic hand function. Clinical Results. Spinal Cord, 40(11), 560.
Tazoe, T., & Perez, M. A. (2015). Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on recovery of function after spinal cord injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 96(4), S145-S155.
Teoli D, An J. Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) [Updated 2019 Jan 6]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/books/NBK537188
Tigra, W., Navarro, B., Cherubini, A., Gorron, X., Gélis, A., Fattal, C., … & Coste, C. A. (2016). A novel EMG interface for individuals with tetraplegia to pilot robot hand grasping. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 26(2), 291-298
Thomas, C. K., Bakels, R., Klein, C. S., & Zijdewind, I. (2014). Human spinal cord injury: motor unit properties and behaviour. Acta physiologica, 210(1), 5-19.
Tolmacheva, A., Savolainen, S., Kirveskari, E., Lioumis, P., Kuusela, L., Brandstack, N., … & Shulga, A. (2017). Long-term paired associative stimulation enhances motor output of the tetraplegic hand. Journal of neurotrauma, 34(18), 2668-2674.
Tomljanović, M., Spasić, M., Gabrilo, G., Uljević, O., & Foretić, N. (2011). Effects of five weeks of functional vs. traditional resistance training on anthropometric and motor performance variables. Kinesiology: International journal of fundamental and applied kinesiology, 43(2), 145- 154.
Triolo, R., Nathan, R., Handa, Y., Keith, M., Betz, R. R., Carroll, S., & Kantor, C. (1996). Challenges to clinical deployment of upper limb neuroprostheses. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 33, 111-122.
Trumbower, R. D., Hayes, H. B., Mitchell, G. S., Wolf, S. L., & Stahl, V. A. (2017). Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on hand use after spinal cord trauma: a preliminary study. Neurology, 89(18), 1904-1907.
Tsay, R.C. (1974). Textbook of Chinese acupuncture medicine: general introduction to acupuncture. Wappinger Falls, Association of Chinese Medicine and East-West Medical Centre,1:40-52.
Van Dijk, H., Jannink, M. J., & Hermens, H. J. (2005). Effect of augmented feedback on motor function of the affected upper extremity in rehabilitation patients: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37(4), 202-211.
van Dokkum, L. E. H., Ward, T., & Laffont, I. (2015). Brain computer interfaces for neurorehabilitation–its current status as a rehabilitation strategy post-stroke. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 58(1), 3-8.
Van Tuijl, J. H., Janssen-Potten, Y. J. M., & Seelen, H. A. M. (2002). Evaluation of upper extremity motor function tests in tetraplegics. Spinal Cord, 40(2), 51.
van Wyk, K., Backwell, A., & Townson, A. (2015). A narrative literature review to direct spinal cord injury patient education programming. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 21(1), 49-60.
Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2003). Interplay between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and signal transduction modulators in the regulation of the effects of exercise on synaptic-plasticity. Neuroscience, 122(3), 647-657.
Veldman, M. P., Zijdewind, I., Solnik, S., Maffiuletti, N. A., Berghuis, K. M. M., Javet, M., … & Hortobágyi, T. (2015). Direct and crossed effects of somatosensory electrical stimulation on motor learning and neuronal plasticity in humans. European journal of applied physiology, 115(12), 2505-2519.
Venugopalan, L., Taylor, P.N., Cobb, J.E., Swain, I.D. (2015). Upper limb functional electrical stimulation devices and their man-machine interfaces. Journal of Meical Egineering & Technology, 471-479.
Wagner, J. P., Curtin, C. M., Gater, D. R., & Chung, K. C. (2007). Perceptions of people with tetraplegia regarding surgery to improve upper-extremity function. The Journal of hand surgery, 32(4), 483-490.
Wangdell, J., Carlsson, G., & Fridén, J. (2013). Enhanced independence: experiences after regaining grip function in people with tetraplegia. Disability and rehabilitation, 35(23), 1968-1974.
Wangdell, J., Carlsson, G., & Friden, J. (2014). From regained function to daily use: experiences of surgical reconstruction of grip in people with tetraplegia. Disability and rehabilitation, 36(8), 678-684.
Wangdell, J., & Fridén, J. (2018). Outcomes of reconstructive hand surgery in patients with tetraplegia and neuropathic pain. Spinal cord, 56(12), 1194.
Ward, J. A., & Power, D. M. (2019). Restoring upper-limb function following cervical spinal cord injury: Current practice in the United Kingdom. Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research, 3(1), 146.
Warsi, A., Wang, P. S., LaValley, M. P., Avorn, J., & Solomon, D. H. (2004). Self-management education programs in chronic disease: A systematic review and methodological critique of the literature. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(15), 1641–1649.
Waters, R. L., Adkins, R. H., Yakura, J. S., & Sie, I. (1994). Motor and sensory recovery following incomplete tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 75(3), 306-311.
Waters, R. L., Sie, I. H., Gellman, H., & Tognella, M. (1996). Functional hand surgery following tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 77(1), 86-94.
Waters, R., Moore, K. R., Graboff, S. R., & Paris, K. (1985). Brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus tendon transfer for active lateral pinch in the tetraplegic. The Journal of hand surgery, 10(3), 385-391.
Welraeds, D., Ismail, A. A., & Parent, A. (2003). Functional reconstruction of the upper extremity in tetraplegia. Application of Moberg’s and Allieu’s procedures. Acta Orthop Belg, 69(6), 537-545.
WHO. (2013). Spinal Cord Injury Fact Sheet N 384
Witt, P. L., & MacKinnon, J. (1986). Trager psychophysical integration: a method to improve chest mobility of patients with chronic lung disease. Physical therapy, 66(2), 214-217.
Witiw, C.D. & Fehlings, M.G. (2015). Acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Disorders and Techniques, 202-210.
Winstein, C. J. (1991). Knowledge of results and motor learning—implications for physical therapy. Physical therapy, 71(2), 140-149.
Wong, A. M., Leong, C. P., Su, T. Y., Yu, S. W., Tsai, W. C., & Chen, C. P. (2003). Clinical trial of acupuncture for patients with spinal cord injuries. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 82(1), 21-27.
Wuolle, K. S., Van Doren, C. L., Bryden, A. M., Peckham, P. H., Keith, M. W., Kilgore, K. L., & Grill, J. H. (1999). Satisfaction with and usage of a hand neuroprosthesis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 80(2), 206-213.
Wuolle, K. S., Bryden, A. M., Peckham, P. H., Murray, P. K., & Keith, M. (2003). Satisfaction with upper-extremity surgery in individuals with tetraplegia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 84(8), 1145-1149.
Yeo, S. S., & Kwon, J. W. (2018). Wheelchair Skills Training for Functional Activity in Adults with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. International journal of sports medicine, 39(12), 924-928.
Ying, Z., Roy, R. R., Edgerton, V. R., & Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2005). Exercise restores levels of neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity following spinal cord injury. Experimental neurology, 193(2), 411-419.
Yozbatiran, N., & Francisco, G. E. (2019). Robot-assisted Therapy for the Upper Limb after Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 30(2), 367-384.
Yue, Z., Zhang, X., & Wang, J. (2017). Hand rehabilitation robotics on poststroke motor recovery. Behavioural neurology, 2017.
Zancolli, E. (1975). Surgery for the Quadriplegic Hand With Active, Strong Wrist Extension Preserved A Study of 97 Cases. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research®, 112, 101-113.
Zariffa, J., Steeves, J., & Pai, D. K. (2012). Changes in hand muscle synergies in subjects with spinal cord injury: characterization and functional implications. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 35(5), 310-318.
Zhu, M. H., Wang, J., Gu, X. D., Shi, M. F., Zeng, M., Wang, C. Y., … & Fu, J. M. (2015). Effect of action observation therapy on daily activities and motor recovery in stroke patients. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 2(3), 279-282.
Zoghi, M., & Galea, M. (2017). Brain Motor Control Assessment Post Early Intensive Hand Rehabilitation After Spinal Cord Injury. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 24(2), 157-166.