References

Aarabi B, Harrop JS, Tator CH, et al. Predictors of pulmonary complications in blunt traumatic spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg-Spine, 2012;17(1 Suppl):38-45.

Babu R, Owens TR, Thomas S, et al. Timing of tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013;74(4):961-966.

Bach JR, Smith WH, Michaels J, et al. Airway secretion clearance by mechanical exsufflation for post-poliomyelitis ventilator-assisted individuals. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 1993;74(2):170-177.

Barratt DJ, Harvey LA, Cistulli PA, Nier L, Denis S. The use of bronchodilators in people with recently acquired tetraplegia: a randomised cross-over trial. Spinal Cord, 2012;50(11):836-839.

Ben Nun A, Orlovsky M, Best LA. Percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with cervical spine fractures-feasible and safe. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2006;5(4):427-429.

Beom, J. Y., & Seo, H. Y. The Need for Early Tracheostomy in Patients with Traumatic Cervical Cord Injury. Clin Orthop Surg, 2018;10(2), 191-196.

Berlly M, Shem K. Respiratory management during the first five days after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med, 2007;30(4):309-318.

Berney S, Bragge P, Granger C, Opdam H, Denehy L. The acute respiratory management of cervical spinal cord injury in the first 6 weeks after injury: A systematic review. Spinal Cord, 2011;49(1):17-29.

Berney S, Opdam H, Bellomo R, et al. An assessment of early tracheostomy after anterior cervical stabilization in patients with acute cervical spine trauma. J Trauma, 2008;64(3):749-753.

Berney S, Stockton K, Berlowitz D, Denehy L. Can early extubation and intensive physiotherapy decrease length of stay of acute quadriplegic patients in intensive care? A retrospective case control study. Physiother Res Int, 2002;7(1):14-22.

Berney SC, Gordon IR, Opdam HI, Denehy L. A classification and regression tree to assist clinical decision making in airway management for patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 2011;49(2):244-250.

Biering-Sorensen M, Biering-Sorensen F. Tracheostomy in spinal cord injured: frequency and follow up. Paraplegia, 1992;30(9):656-660.

Branco BC, Plurad D, Green DJ, et al. Incidence and clinical predictors for tracheostomy after cervical spinal cord injury: a National Trauma Databank review. J Trauma, 2011;70(1):111-115.

Brochard L, Rauss A, Benito S, et al. Comparison of three methods of gradual withdrawal from ventilatory support during weaning from mechanical ventilation. Am J Resp Crit Care, 1994;150(4):896-903.

Call MS, Kutcher ME, Izenberg RA, Singh T, Cohen MJ. Spinal cord injury: outcomes of ventilatory weaning and extubation. J Trauma, 2011;71(6):1673-1679.

Cameron TS, McKinstry A, Burt SK, et al. Outcomes of patients with spinal cord injury before and after introduction of an interdisciplinary tracheostomy team. Crit Care Resusc, 2009;11(1):14-19.

Casha S, Christie S. A systematic review of intensive cardiopulmonary management after spinal cord injury. J Neurotraum, 2011;28(8):1479-1495.

Chen Y, Shao J, Zhu W, Jia LS, Chen XS. Identification of risk factors for respiratory complications in upper cervical spinal injured patients with neurological impairment. Acta Orthop Traumato, 2013;47(2):111-117.

Chiodo AE, Scelza W, Forchheimer M. Predictors of ventilator weaning in individuals with high cervical spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med, 2008;31(1):72-77.

Choi HJ, Paeng SH, Kim ST, Lee KS, Kim MS, Jung YT. The effectiveness of early tracheostomy (within at least 10 days) in cervical spinal cord injury patients. J Korean Neurosurg S, 2013;54(3):220-224.

Claxton AR, Wong DT, Chung F, Fehlings MG. Predictors of hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Can J Anaesth, 1998;45(2):144-149.

Como JJ, Sutton ER, McCunn M, et al. Characterizing the need for mechanical ventilation following cervical spinal cord injury with neurologic deficit. J Trauma, 2005;59(4):912-916; discussion 916.

Cook D. Ventilator associated pneumonia: perspectives on the burden of illness. Intens Care Med, 2000;26 Suppl 1:S31-37.

Cotton BA, Pryor JP, Chinwalla I, Wiebe DJ, Reilly PM, Schwab CW. Respiratory complications and mortality risk associated with thoracic spine injury. J Trauma, 2005;59(6):1400-1407; discussion 1407-1409.

Denehy L, Berney S. The use of positive pressure devices by physiotherapists. Eur Respir J, 2001;17(4):821-829.

Derrickson J, Ciesla N, Simpson N, Imle PC. A comparison of two breathing exercise programs for patients with quadriplegia. Phys Ther, 1992;72(11):763-769.

Devivo MJ. Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury: trends and future implications. Spinal Cord, 2012;50(5):365-372.

Durbin CG, Jr., Bell CT, Shilling AM. Elective intubation. Respir Care, 2014;59(6):825-846; discussion 847-829.

Esteban A, Frutos F, Tobin MJ, et al. A comparison of four methods of weaning patients from mechanical ventilation. New Engl J Med, 1995;332(6):345-350.

Fenton, J. J., Warner, M. L., Lammertse, D., Charlifue, S., Martinez, L., Dannels-McClure, A., . . . Pretz, C.. A comparison of high vs standard tidal volumes in ventilator weaning for individuals with sub-acute spinal cord injuries: a site-specific randomized clinical trial.Correction to: Spinal Cord 2016;54, 234–238

Fields, D. P., & Mitchell, G. S. Spinal metaplasticity in respiratory motor control. Front Neural Circuits, 2015;9(FEB).

Fishburn MJ, Marino RJ, Ditunno JF, Jr. Atelectasis and pneumonia in acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 1990;71(3):197-200.

Flanagan, C. D., Childs, B. R., Moore, T. A., Vallier, H. A., & Flanagan, C. Early Tracheostomy in Patients With Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Appears Safe and May Improve Outcomes. Spine 2018;43(16), 1110-1116.

Fuller, D. D., & Mitchell, G. S. Respiratory neuroplasticity – Overview, significance and future directions. Exp Neurol, 2017;287, 144-152.

Galeiras Vázquez R, Rascado Sedes P, Mourelo Fariña M, Montoto Marqués A, Ferreiro Velasco ME. Respiratory management in the patient with spinal cord injury. Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013.

Gregoretti C, Olivieri C, Navalesi P. Physiologic comparison between conventional mechanical ventilation and transtracheal open ventilation in acute traumatic quadriplegic patients. Crit Care Med, 2005;33(5):1114-1118.

Griffiths J, Barber VS, Morgan L, Young JD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ, 2005;330(7502):1243.

Gross D, Ladd HW, Riley EJ, Macklem PT, Grassino A. The effect of training on strength and endurance of the diaphragm in quadriplegia. Am J Med, 1980;68(1):27-35.

Gupta PR. Ambroxol – resurgence of an old molecule as an anti-inflammatory agent in chronic obstructive airway diseases. Lung India, 2010;27(2):46-48.

Gysin C, Dulguerov P, Guyot JP, Perneger TV, Abajo B, Chevrolet JC. Percutaneous versus surgical tracheostomy: a double-blind randomized trial. Ann Surg, 1999;230(5):708-714.

Harrop JS, Sharan AD, Scheid EH, Jr., Vaccaro AR, Przybylski GJ. Tracheostomy placement in patients with complete cervical spinal cord injuries: American Spinal Injury Association Grade A. J Neurosurg, 2004;100(1 Suppl Spine):20-23.

Harrop JS, Vaccaro A, Przybylski GJ. Acute respiratory compromise associated with flexed cervical traction after C2 fractures. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2001;26(4):E50-54.

Hassid VJ, Schinco MA, Tepas JJ, et al. Definitive establishment of airway control is critical for optimal outcome in lower cervical spinal cord injury. J Trauma, 2008;65(6):1328-1332.

Huang YH, Ou CY. Magnetic resonance imaging predictors for respiratory failure after cervical spinal cord injury. Clin Neurol Neurosur, 2014;126:30-34.

Iwashita M, Sugiyama M, Yamada Y. Factors inducing tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in acute-stage patients with cervical spinal cord injury. Yokohama Medical Journal, 2006;57(1-2):17-21.

Jackson AB, Dijkers M, Devivo MJ, Poczatek RB. A demographic profile of new traumatic spinal cord injuries: change and stability over 30 years. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 2004;85(11):1740-1748.

Kerwin, A. J., Yorkgitis, B. K., Ebler, D. J., Madbak, F. G., Hsu, A. T., & Crandall, M. L. Utility of diaphragm pacing in the management of acute cervical spinal cord injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2018.

Kornblith LZ, Kutcher ME, Callcut RA, et al. Mechanical ventilation weaning and extubation after spinal cord injury: a Western Trauma Association multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014;75(6):1060-1069; discussion 1069-1070.

Laffont I, Bensmail D, Lortat-Jacob S, Falaize L, Hutin C, Le Bomin E, Ruquet M, Denys P, Lofaso F. Intermittent positive-pressure breathing effects in patients with high spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008;89: 1575-9.

Leelapattana P, Fleming JC, Gurr KR, Bailey SI, Parry N, Bailey CS. Predicting the need for tracheostomy in patients with cervical spinal cord injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2012;73(4):880-884.

Lemons VR, Wagner FC, Jr. Respiratory complications after cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1994;19(20):2315-2320.

Lertudomphonwanit T, Wattanaapisit T, Chavasiri C, Chotivichit A. Risk factors relating to the need for mechanical ventilation in isolated cervical spinal cord injury patients. J Med Assoc Thailand, 2014;97 Suppl 9:S10-15.

Li Q, Yao G, Zhu X. High-dose ambroxol reduces pulmonary complications in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury after surgery. Neurocrit Care, 2012;16(2):267-272.

Lin KH, Chuang CC, Wu HD, Chang CW, Kou YR. Abdominal weight and inspiratory resistance: Their immediate effects on inspiratory muscle functions during maximal voluntary breathing in chronic tetraplegic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 1999;80(7):741-745.

Lissauer ME. Benefit, timing, and technique of tracheostomy. Curr Prob Surg, 2013;50(10):494-499.

Madden, M. Diaphragm Pacing System — An Underappreciated but Valuable Option. AARC Times, 2016;40(10), 18-21.

Mansel JK, Norman JR. Respiratory complications and management of spinal cord injuries. Chest, 1990;97(6):1446-1452.

McBain RA, Boswell-Ruys CL, Lee BB, Gandevia SC, Butler JE. Abdominal muscle training can enhance cough after spinal cord injury. Neurorehab Neural Re, 2013;27(9):834-843.

McCully BH, Fabricant L, Geraci T, Greenbaum A, Schreiber MA, Gordy SD. Complete cervical spinal cord injury above C6 predicts the need for tracheostomy. Am J Surg, 2014;207(5):664-668; discussion 668-669.

McMichan JC, Michel L, Westbrook PR. Pulmonary dysfunction following traumatic quadriplegia. Recognition, prevention, and treatment. JAMA, 1980;243(6):528-531.

Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Respiratory management following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health care professionals. J Spinal Cord Med, 2005;28(3):259-293.

Menaker J, Kufera JA, Glaser J, Stein DM, Scalea TM. Admission ASIA motor score predicting the need for tracheostomy after cervical spinal cord injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013;75(4):629-634.

Montoto-Marqués, A., Trillo-Dono, N., Ferreiro-Velasco, M. E., Salvador-De La Barrera, S., Rodriguez-Sotillo, A., Mourelo-Fariña, M., Meijide-Failde, R. Risks factors of mechanical ventilation in acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injured patients. Spinal Cord, 2018; 56(3), 206-211.

Nakashima H, Yukawa Y, Imagama S, et al. Characterizing the need for tracheostomy placement and decannulation after cervical spinal cord injury. Eur Spine J, 2013;22(7):1526-1532.

Northrup BE, Vaccaro AR, Rosen JE, Balderston RA, Cotler JM. Occurrence of infection in anterior cervical fusion for spinal cord injury after tracheostomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 1995;20(22):2449-2453.

O’Keeffe T, Goldman RK, Mayberry JC, Rehm CG, Hart RA. Tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation. J Trauma, 2004;57(4):855-860.

Parker V, Giles M, Shylan G, et al. Tracheostomy management in acute care facilities-a matter of teamwork. J Clin Nurs, 2010;19(9-10):1275-1283.

Peterson W, Charlifue W, Gerhart A, Whiteneck G. Two methods of weaning persons with quadriplegia from mechanical ventilators. Paraplegia, 1994;32(2):98-103.

Peterson WP, Barbalata L, Brooks CA, Gerhart KA, Mellick DC, Whiteneck GG. The effect of tidal volumes on the time to wean persons with high tetraplegia from ventilators. Spinal Cord, 1999;37(4):284-288.

Pillastrini P, Bordini S, Bazzocchi G, Belloni G, Menarini M. Study of the effectiveness of bronchial clearance in subjects with upper spinal cord injuries: examination of a rehabilitation programme involving mechanical insufflation and exsufflation. Spinal Cord, 2006;44(10):614-616.

Postma K, Haisma JA, Hopman MTE, Bergen MP, Stam HJ, Bussmann JB. Resistive inspiratory muscle training in people with spinal cord injury during inpatient rehabilitation: A randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther, 2014;94(12):1709-1719.

Pryor, L. N., Ward, E. C., Cornwell, P. L., O’Connor, S. N., & Chapman, M. J. Establishing phonation using the Blom® tracheostomy tube system: A report of three cases post cervical spinal cord injury. Speech, Language and Hearing, 2016;19(4), 227-237.

Raab, A. M., Krebs, J., Perret, C., Michel, F., Hopman, M. T., & Mueller, G. Maximum Inspiratory Pressure is a Discriminator of Pneumonia in Individuals With Spinal-Cord Injury. Respir Care, 2016;61(12), 1636-1643.

Raab, A. M., Krebs, J., Perret, C., Pfister, M., Hopman, M., & Mueller, G. Evaluation of a clinical implementation of a respiratory muscle training group during spinal cord injury rehabilitation. Spinal Cord Ser Cases, 2018;4, 40.

Ramakrishnan Bhaskar K, Brown R, O’Sullivan DD, Melia S, Duggan M, Reid L. Bronchial mucus hypersecretion in acute quadriplegia: Macromolecular yields and glycoconjugate composition. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1991;143(3 I):640-648.

Raurich JM, Rialp G, Llompart-Pou JA, Ayestaran I, Perez-Barcena J, Ibanez J. Respiratory CO(2) response in acute cervical spinal cord injury (CO(2) response in spinal cord injury). Spinal Cord, 2014;52(1):39-43.

Richard-Denis, A., Feldman, D., Thompson, C., Albert, M., & Mac-Thiong, J.-M. The impact of a specialized spinal cord injury center as compared with non-specialized centers on the acute respiratory management of patients with complete tetraplegia: an observational study. Spinal Cord, 2018;56(2), 142-150.

Romero-Ganuza J, Gambarrutta C, Merlo-Gonzalez VE, Marin-Ruiz MA, Diez De La Lastra-Buigues E, Oliviero A. Complications of tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation surgery. Am J Otolaryng, 2011a;32(5):408-411.

Romero-Ganuza J, Garcia Forcada A, Gambarrutta C, et al. Effect of technique and timing of tracheostomy in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury undergoing mechanical ventilation. J Spinal Cord Med, 2011b;34(1):76-84.

Romero-Ganuza, J., García-Forcada, A., Vargas, E., & Gambarrutta, C. An intermediate respiratory care unit for spinal cord-injured patients. A retrospective study. Spinal Cord, 2015;53(7), 552-556.

Romero J, Vari A, Gambarrutta C, Oliviero A. Tracheostomy timing in traumatic spinal cord injury. Eur Spine J, 2009;18(10):1452-1457.

Roquilly A, Seguin P, Mimoz O, et al. Risk factors for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation in acute traumatic tetraplegic patients-a retrospective cohort study. J Crit Care, 2014;29(2):313.E317-313.

Roth EJ, Stenson KW, Powley S, et al. Expiratory muscle training in spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehab, 2010;91(6):857-861.

Seidl RO, Wolf D, Nusser-Muller-Busch R, Niedeggen A. Airway management in acute tetraplegics: a retrospective study. Eur Spine J, 2010;19(7):1073-1078.

Shatney CH, Brunner RD, Nguyen TQ. The safety of orotracheal intubation in patients with unstable cervical spine fracture or high spinal cord injury. Am J Surg, 1995;170(6):676-679; discussion 679-680.

Shirawi N, Arabi Y. Bench-to-bedside review: early tracheostomy in critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care, 2006;10(1):201.

Stiller K, Simionato R, Rice K, Hall B. The effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing on lung volumes in acute quadriparesis. Paraplegia, 1992;30(2):121-126.

Sustic A, Krstulovic B, Eskinja N, Zelic M, Ledic D, Turina D. Surgical tracheostomy versus percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in patients with anterior cervical spine fixation: preliminary report. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2002;27(17):1942-1945; discussion 1945.

Tromans AM, Mecci M, Barrett FH, Ward TA, Grundy DJ. The use of the BiPAP biphasic positive airway pressure system in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 1998;36(7):481-484.

Velmahos GC, Toutouzas K, Chan L, et al. Intubation after cervical spinal cord injury: to be done selectively or routinely? Am Surg, 2003;69(10):891-894.

Vitaz TW, McIlvoy L, Raque GH, Spain DA, Shields CB. Development and implementation of a clinical pathway for spinal cord injuries. J Spinal Disord, 2001;14(3):271-276.

Volsko TA. Airway clearance therapy: finding the evidence. Respir Care, 2013;58(10):1669-1678.

Wallbom AS, Naran B, Thomas E. Acute ventilator management and weaning in individuals with high tetraplegia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 2005;10(3):1-7.

Warren PM, Awad BI, Alilain WJ. Reprint of “Drawing breath without the command of effectors: the control of respiration following spinal cord injury”. Respir Physiol Neurobiol, 2014;204:120-130.

Watt JW, Wiredu E, Silva P, Meehan S. Survival after short- or long-term ventilation after acute spinal cord injury: a single-centre 25-year retrospective study. Spinal Cord, 2011;49(3):404-410.

Weinberger SE, Weiss JW. Weaning from ventilatory support. New Engl J Med, 1995;332(6):388-389.

Winslow C, Bode RK, Felton D, Chen D, Meyer PR, Jr. Impact of respiratory complications on length of stay and hospital costs in acute cervical spine injury. Chest, 2002;121(5):1548-1554.

Wong SL, Shem K, Crew J. Specialized respiratory management for acute cervical spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil, 2012;18(4):283-290.

Yugue I, Okada S, Ueta T, et al. Analysis of the risk factors for tracheostomy in traumatic cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2012;37(26):E1633-1638.