Summary

There is level 2 evidence (Craig et al., 1997; A. Craig et al., 1998; A. Craig et al., 1999; A. R. Craig et al., 1998; Paul Kennedy & Rogers, 2000; King & Kennedy, 1999) to support the use group CBT intervention targeting mood to decrease depressive symptoms following SCI among those with elevated depressive symptoms.

There is level 1b evidence from one RCT (Zhao et al. 2021) that CBT combined with pharmacotherapy was effective in improving symptoms of depression compared to conventional rehabilitation.

There is level 1 evidence (Duchnick et al., 2009; Feng & Li, 2017) that CBT is effective in improving depressive symptoms post intervention.

There is conflicting evidence that CBT intervention results in maintained affective improvement at follow up.

There is level 1b evidence (Schulz et al., 2009) that providing CBT to caregivers and care receivers results in improved depressive symptoms in care receivers.

There is level 1 evidence (Dear et al., 2018; Dorstyn et al., 2011; Migliorini et al., 2011) that telerehabilitation or online based CBT improves symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive programs on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

There Is level 4 evidence that acceptance and commitment therapy may reduce symptoms of depression post SCI (Han et al., 2022).

There is level 1b evidence that online mindfulness programs can help reduce symptoms of depression post SCI (Hearn & Finlay, 2018).

There Is level 2 evidence that meditation and Imagery Interventions may not reduce symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence that peer led telephone counselling may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.

There is level 2 evidence that self-esteem programs do not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence from one RCT (Muller et al. 2020) that positive psychology interventions are not effective at improving depressive symptoms compared to mindfulness journaling post SCI.

There is limited evidence that EMDR may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression compared to no treatment.

There is level 2 evidence (Kahan et al., 2006; Kemp et al., 2004) that combined CBT and antidepressants reduce symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 4 evidence (Judd et al., 1986; Judd et al., 1989) indicating the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy combined with supportive psychotherapy for reducing symptoms of depression in SCI.

There is limited evidence that carbamazepine, amitriptyline, and gabapentin may not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence (Fann et al., 2015) that venlafaxine improves depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence (Richards et al., 2015) that venlafaxine improves pain interference with mood post SCI.

There is level 1a evidence (from three randomized controlled trials; (Hicks et al., 2003; Latimer et al., 2004; Martin Ginis et al., 2003) that small group exercise-based programs reduced depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is level 2 evidence from 1 RCT (Bombardier et al. 2019) that physical activity counselling combined with at home exercise results in reduction of depressive symptoms compared to usual care.

There is level 4 evidence that body weight supported treadmill training (Hicks et al., 2005), or functional electrical stimulation exercise (Bradley, 1994) may not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence (K. Curtis et al., 2017) that yoga improves depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is level 4 evidence (Guest et al., 1997) that Parastep FNS ambulation training may result in a decrease in depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is level 4 evidence (P. Kennedy et al., 2006) that integrating sports and recreational activities may result in a reduction of depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence (Diego et al., 2002) that massage may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence (from one randomized controlled trial; (Defrin et al., 2007) for the effectiveness of repetitive transmagnetic stimulation in reducing depressive symptoms.

There is level 1b evidence (Feng & Li, 2017) that hyperbaric oxygen may improve depressive symptoms post SCI.

There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of education programs in reducing depressive symptoms post SCI (Dunn et al., 2000; Federici et al., 2019; Zemper et al., 2003).

There is level 1b evidence from one RCT that mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation is effective at reducing symptoms of depression compared to SCI rehabilitation alone.

There is level 2 evidence that the use of virtual natural environment with traditional rehabilitation results in reduction of depressive symptoms compared to rehabilitation alone.

There is level 2 evidence that return-to-work interventions may not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence that multidisciplinary telehealth consultations do not reduce symptoms of depression post SCI.

There is level 2 evidence from (Craig et al., 1997; A. Craig et al., 1998; A. Craig et al., 1999; A. R. Craig et al., 1998; P. Kennedy et al., 2003; King & Kennedy, 1999), that in person CBT may improve anxiety symptoms compared to standard treatment among those with elevated symptoms.

There is level 1b evidence (Dear et al., 2018; Dorstyn et al., 2011) Miglorini et al., (Migliorini et al., 2016)), that telerehabilitation based CBT improves symptoms of anxiety among persons with SCI.

There is level 1 evidence (Duchnick et al., 2009; Feng & Li, 2017) that CBT is effective in improving anxiety symptoms post intervention.

There is conflicting level 2 evidence (Li et al., (2019); (2020)) for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive programme on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

There is level 4 evidence (Han et al. (2022)) that guided videoconferencing ACT may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

There is limited evidence that EMDR may be effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety compared to no treatment.

There is level 1b evidence (K. Curtis et al., 2017) that yoga may decrease symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

There is level 4 evidence (P. Kennedy et al., 2006) that increased physical activity through various outlets may improve anxiety symptoms.

There is level 2 evidence from 1 RCT, that cranial electrotherapy stimulation may not be effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety after SCI.

There is conflicting evidence from 2 RCTs that transcranial direct current stimulation alone may reduce symptoms of anxiety after SCI.

There is level 2 evidence that combined transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion walking may help reduce symptoms of anxiety after SCI

There is level 2 evidence from 1 RCT, that massage may reduce symptoms of anxiety after SCI compared to home exercise.

There is level 4 evidence from 1 pre-post study, that participation in sports activity may reduce symptoms of anxiety after SCI.

There is level 1b evidence that hyperbaric oxygen may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
There is level 4 evidence that sexual health may not improve anxiety post SCI.

There is level 1b evidence from one RCT that mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation is effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety compared to SCI rehabilitation alone.

There is level 4 evidence that music therapy reduces anxiety post SCI.

There is limited level 4 evidence that providing multidisciplinary telehealth consultations reduces anxiety post SCI.