Key Points

Effect of Psychological Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

  • Individual based CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI; however, the results may not be maintained at follow-up.
  • Cognitive behavioural interventions provided in a group setting appear helpful in reducing post-SCI depression among those with elevated symptoms of depression.
  • CBT interventions aimed at both caregivers and care receivers may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Telerehabilitation or online CBT improves symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive program on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Online chronic pain-based mindfulness programs help reduce symptoms of depression among persons with SCI.
  • Meditation and Imagery Interventions may not reduce symptoms of depression among persons with SCI.
  • Peer telephone counselling may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Self-esteem programs may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Positive psychology interventions may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.

Effect of Pharmacotherapy on Depressive Symptoms

  • Combining pharmacotherapy with CBT or supportive psychotherapy results in improved mood post SCI.
  • Venlafaxine improves depressive symptoms post SCI.

Effect of Physical Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

  • Small group exercise programs improve depressive symptoms in persons with SCI.
  • Physical activity counselling and home exercise reduce symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Yoga improves depressive symptoms.
  • Body weight supported treadmill training may not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Parastep FNS ambulation training may improve symptoms of depression.
  • Increased sport and recreational activities may improve depressive symptoms.
  • Massage may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.

Effect of Miscellaneous Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

  • Repetitive transmagnetic stimulation may improve symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Hyperbaric oxygen may improve depressive symptoms.
  • Education may not improve depressive symptoms post SCI.
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Virtual reality programs may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Return to work interventions may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
  • Multidisciplinary telehealth consultations may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.

Effect of Psychological Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

  • Individual based CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety post SCI; however, the results may not be maintained at follow-up.
  • Cognitive behavioural interventions provided in a group setting appear helpful in reducing post-SCI anxiety among those with elevated symptoms.
  • Telerehabilitation or online CBT improves symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Evidence for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive programme on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI is conflicting.
  • Guided videoconferencing ACT may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy may improve anxiety post SCI.

Effect of Physical Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

  • Physical activity may improve anxiety post SCI.
  • Cranial electrotherapy stimulation may not be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms post SCI.
  • Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion walking may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Massage may help reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Participation in sports may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

Effect of Miscellaneous Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

  • Hyperbaric oxygen may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Sexual health education may not improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Music therapy may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
  • Multidisciplinary telehealth consultations may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.