Key Points

Effect of Psychological Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

• Individual based CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI; however, the results may not be maintained at follow-up.
• Cognitive behavioural interventions provided in a group setting appear helpful in reducing post-SCI depression among those with elevated symptoms of depression.
• CBT interventions aimed at both caregivers and care receivers may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Telerehabilitation or online CBT improves symptoms of depression post SCI.
• There is conflicting evidence for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive program on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Online chronic pain-based mindfulness programs help reduce symptoms of depression among persons with SCI.
• Meditation and Imagery Interventions may not reduce symptoms of depression among persons with SCI.
• Peer telephone counselling may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Self-esteem programs may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Positive psychology interventions may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.

Effect of Pharmacotherapy on Depressive Symptoms

• Combining pharmacotherapy with CBT or supportive psychotherapy results in improved mood post SCI.
• Venlafaxine improves depressive symptoms post SCI.

Effect of Physical Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

• Small group exercise programs improve depressive symptoms in persons with SCI.
• Physical activity counselling and home exercise reduce symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Yoga improves depressive symptoms.
• Body weight supported treadmill training may not improve symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Parastep FNS ambulation training may improve symptoms of depression.
• Increased sport and recreational activities may improve depressive symptoms.
• Massage may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.

Effect of Miscellaneous Interventions on Depressive Symptoms

• Repetitive transmagnetic stimulation may improve symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Hyperbaric oxygen may improve depressive symptoms.
• Education may not improve depressive symptoms post SCI.
• Mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Virtual reality programs may be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Return to work interventions may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.
• Multidisciplinary telehealth consultations may not be effective in reducing symptoms of depression post SCI.

Effect of Psychological Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

• Individual based CBT is effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety post SCI; however, the results may not be maintained at follow-up.
• Cognitive behavioural interventions provided in a group setting appear helpful in reducing post-SCI anxiety among those with elevated symptoms.
• Telerehabilitation or online CBT improves symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Evidence for the effectiveness of coping oriented supportive programme on improving symptoms of anxiety post SCI is conflicting.
• Guided videoconferencing ACT may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy may improve anxiety post SCI.

Effect of Physical Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

• Physical activity may improve anxiety post SCI.
• Cranial electrotherapy stimulation may not be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms post SCI.
• Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and visual illusion walking may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Massage may help reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Participation in sports may reduce symptoms of anxiety post SCI.

Effect of Miscellaneous Interventions on Symptoms of Anxiety

• Hyperbaric oxygen may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Sexual health education may not improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Mesenchymal stromal cells combined with standard SCI rehabilitation may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Music therapy may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.
• Multidisciplinary telehealth consultations may improve symptoms of anxiety post SCI.