Medications can be used to manage presenting symptoms but they do not treat the syringomyelia itself. Surgery is only recommended for patients with neurological deterioration or intractable pain (El Masry & Biyani 1996; Klekamp & Samii 2002), although its use is commonly reported in the treatment of syringomyelia in SCI patients.
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- Acute Evidence
- Cardiovascular Complications during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
- Methods
- Introduction
- Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
- Effect of Disrupted Autonomic Control on the Cardiovascular System
- Cardiovascular Complications during Acute SCI
- Interventions for Cardiovascular Complications during Acute SCI
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Neuroprotection during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
- Respiratory Management during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
- Methods
- Introduction
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Function Improvement during Acute SCI
- Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Function Improvement during Acute SCI
- Hospital Programs for Respiratory Management during Acute SCI
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Imaging of Spinal Cord Injuries
- Surgical Interventions during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
- Cardiovascular Complications during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
- Rehabilitation Evidence
- Aging
- Autonomic Dysreflexia
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of AD
- Systematic Review on AD
- Management
- Prevention Strategies
- Management of Acute AD Episodes
- Other Autonomic Dysfunctions
- “Boosting” – Autonomic Dysreflexia in Sport
- Summary
- References
- Abbreviations
- Bladder Management
- Introduction
- Types of Bladder Dysfunction in SCI
- Therapeutic Interventions for Detrusor Overactivity with Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia in Spinal Cord Injury
- Enhancing Bladder Volumes Pharmacologically
- Enhancing Bladder Volumes Non-Pharmacologically
- Enhancing Bladder Emptying Pharmacologically
- Enhancing Bladder Emptying Non-Pharmacologically
- Comparing Methods of Conservative Bladder Emptying
- Intermittent Catheterization
- Triggering-Type or Expression Voiding Methods of Bladder Management
- Indwelling Catheterization (Indwelling or Suprapubic)
- Condom Catheterization
- Continent Catheterizable Stoma and Incontinent Urinary Diversion
- Electrical Stimulation for Bladder Emptying (and Enhancing Volumes)
- Sphincterotomy, Artificial Sphincters, Stents and Related Approaches for Bladder Emptying
- Other Miscellaneous Treatments
- Detrusor Areflexia
- Urinary Tract Infections
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Bone Health
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Systematic Review
- Fracture Risk following SCI
- Sublesional Osteoporosis (SLOP) Detection and Diagnosis
- Bone Outcome Measures
- Clinical Guide
- Pharmacological Therapy: Bisphosphonates
- Non-Pharmacologic Therapy: Rehabilitation Modalities
- Combination Interventions
- Interventions with Bone Biomarker Outcomes
- General Discussion
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Bowel Dysfunction and Management
- Cardiovascular Health and Exercise
- Mental Health after a Spinal Cord Injury
- Economic Evaluation
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Economic Evaluation Studies
- Intrathecal Baclofen vs. Several Conventional Treatment Options
- Hydrophilic Gel Reservoir vs. Non-Coated Catheters for Intermittent Self-Catheterization
- Transanal Irrigation vs. Conservative Bowel Management
- Sacral Anterior Root Stimulation for Neurogenic Bladder
- Duplex Ultrasound Surveillance vs. No Surveillance for Deep Venous Thrombosis
- Oral vs. Non-Oral Erectile Dysfunction Treatments
- Electrical Stimulation Therapy vs. Standard Wound Care
- Telephone Support for Pressure Ulcer Management
- Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Pressure Injuries
- Use of a Fibrin Sealant for Surgical Treatment of Pressure Injuries
- Implanted Neuroprosthesis for Restoration of Effective Cough
- Surgical Management in Older Individuals with SCI
- Early Decompression for Individuals with Traumatic Cervical SCI
- Supported Employment for US Veterans with SCI
- Cost of Illness Studies
- Economic Evaluation Studies
- Discussion
- Summary
- References
- Abbreviations
- Epidemiology of Traumatic SCI
- Heterotopic Ossification
- Housing and Attendant Care
- Lower Limb
- Introduction
- Systematic Reviews
- Sitting, Standing and Balance Training
- Enhancing Strength Following Locomotor Training in Incomplete SCI
- Electrical Stimulation to Enhance Lower Limb Muscle Function
- Gait Retraining Strategies to Enhance Functional Ambulation
- Orthoses/Braces
- Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
- Combined Gait Training and Pharmacological Interventions
- Emerging Experimental Approaches
- Gaps in SCI Research for Lower Limb
- References
- Abbreviations
- Nutrition Issues Following Spinal Cord Injury
- Introduction
- Energy Imbalance
- Dysphagia
- Nutrition-Related Complications
- Nutritional Intervention Programs for Energy Imbalance and Wellness
- Nutritional Interventions for Dyslipidemia and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
- Nutritional Interventions for Vitamin Deficiencies and Supplementation
- Cardiovascular and Hormonal Responses to Food Ingestion
- Effects of Nutrient Intake on Ambulation Performance
- Post-Meal Resting Energy Expenditure
- Cardiovascular, Endocrine and Renal Responses to Dietary Sodium Restriction in Persons with Paraplegia and Tetraplegia
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Orthostatic Hypotension
- Pain Management
- Introduction
- Incidence, Quality and Significance
- Location and Quality of SCI Pain
- Classification of SCI Pain
- Musculoskeletal or Mechanical Pain
- Central or Neurogenic Dysesthetic Pain
- Borderzone or Segmental Pain
- Psychological Factors
- Non-Pharmacological Management of Post-SCI Pain
- Massage
- Osteopathy
- Acupuncture
- Physical Activity for Post-SCI Pain
- Behavioural Management of Pain Post SCI
- Transcranial Direct Stimulation Post SCI Pain
- Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Post SCI Pain
- Static Magnetic Field Therapy Post SCI Pain
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Post SCI Pain
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
- Functional Electrical Stimulation
- Breathing Controlled Electrical Stimulation
- Diet
- Pharmacological Management of Post-SCI Pain
- Pharmacological Measures Overall
- Anticonvulsants in SCI Pain
- Tricyclic Antidepressants in Post-SCI pain
- Anaesthetic Medications
- Antispasticity Medications
- Opioids for Post-SCI Pain
- Cannabinoids in Post-SCI Pain
- Clonidine for Post-SCI Pain
- Topical Capsaicin
- Lithium Carbonate
- Transdermal Nitroglycerine
- Surgical Interventions
- Summary
- References
- Abbreviations
- Physical Activity
- Effects of Physical Activity
- Increasing Physical Activity Participation in SCI
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Skin Integrity and Pressure Injuries
- Introduction
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Electrical Stimulation
- Laser Treatment
- Ultrasound/Ultraviolet C
- Non-Thermal Pulsed Electromagnetic Energy
- Topical Negative Pressure
- Normothermic Dressings
- Alternative Pharmacological Treatments
- Dressings
- Non-Surgical Management and Debridement
- Topical Oxygen
- Surgical and Other Miscellaneous Topical and Physical Treatments
- Alternative Organic or Herbal Treatments
- Miscellaneous Physical Treatments
- Factors Associated with Pressure Injury Treatment Success
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Primary Care
- Rehabilitation Practices
- Common Abbreviations Used In SCI Rehabilitation
- What is SCI Rehabilitation
- Description of SCI Rehabilitation Outcomes
- Factors for Optimal Outcomes
- Specialized vs General SCI Units (Acute Care)
- Early vs Delayed Admission to Specialized SCI Units
- Health Care After SCI Inpatient Rehabilitation
- Key Points
- Summary
- Appendix: Studies Describing Rehabilitation Outcomes
- References
- Respiratory Management
- Chapter Summary
- Introduction
- Systematic Review
- Pharmaceutical Interventions
- Mechanical Ventilation
- Tracheostomy Placement and Decannulation
- Exercise Training of the Upper and Lower Limbs
- Inspiratory Muscle Training
- Assistive Devices and Other Treatments
- Sleep Disordered Breathing in SCI
- Cough Assist and Secretion Removal
- Electrical Stimulation
- References
- Abbreviations
- Sexual and Reproductive Health
- Introduction
- Systematic Review
- Sexual Health Assessment
- Sexual Activity in Spinal Cord Injured Men and Women
- Sexual and Reproductive Health in Men with SCI
- Male Erectile Response and Enhancement
- Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors (PDE5i) and Other Oral Agents
- Intracavernosal Injections (ICI) utilizing Penile Medications
- Topical Agents
- Intraurethral Preparations
- Mechanical Methods: Vacuum Devices and Penile Rings
- Surgical Penile Implants
- Intrathecal Baclofen Pump and Sacral Root Stimulation
- Perineal Muscle Training
- Summary: Treatment for ED
- Sensation, Ejaculation and Orgasm in Men with Spinal Cord Injury
- Male Fertility
- Male Erectile Response and Enhancement
- Sexual and Reproductive Health in Women with SCI
- Sexual Behaviour
- Sexual Education and Counselling
- Summary
- References
- Abbreviations
- Spasticity
- Introduction
- Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Spasticity
- Passive Movement or Stretching
- Interventions Based on Active Movement (Including FES-assisted Movement)
- Interventions Based on Direct Muscle Electrical Stimulation
- Interventions Based on Various Forms of Afferent Stimulation
- Interventions Based on Direct Spinal Cord Stimulation
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- Transcranial Theta-Burst Stimulation
- Neuro-Surgical Interventions for Spasticity
- Pharmacological Treatment for Spasticity
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Syringomyelia
- Upper Limb
- Introduction
- Therapy Based Interventions
- Technology Based Interventions
- Sensorimotor Stimulation Interventions
- Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Interventions
- Pharmacological Interventions
- Reconstructive Surgery and Tendon Transfers
- Nerve Transfers
- Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Venous Thromboembolism
- Wheeled Mobility and Seating Equipment
- Introduction
- Manual Wheelchairs
- Power Wheelchairs
- Alternate Forms of Wheeled Mobility
- Seating Equipment for Wheelchairs
- Position Changes for Managing Sitting Pressure/Postural Issues, Fatigue and Discomfort
- Wheelchair Provision
- Summary
- Key Points
- References
- Abbreviations
- Work and Employment
