References

Almenoff PL, Alexander LR, Spungen AM, Lesser MD, Bauman WA. Bronchodilatory effects of ipratropium bromide in patients with tetraplegia. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 274-7.

Alshekhlee A, Onders RP, Syed TU, Elmo M, Katirji B. Phrenic nerve conduction studies in spinal cord injury: applications for diaphragmatic pacing. Muscle Nerve 2008; 38: 1546-1552.

Aslan SC, Randall DC, Krassioukov AV, Phillips A, Ovechkin AV. Respiratory Training Improves Blood Pressure Regulation in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (2016, in press). Available at: http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(15)01500-2/abstract

Ayas NT, Epstein L, Lieberman SL, Tun C, Brown R, Larkin E, Garshick E. Predictors of loud snoring in persons with spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2001; 24: 30-34.

Ayas NT, Garshick E, Lieberman SL, Wien MF, Tun C, Brown R. Breathlessness in spinal cord injury depends on injury level. J Spinal Cord Med 1999; 22: 97-101.

Bach JR, Alba AS. Noninvasive options for ventilatory support of the traumatic high level quadriplegic patient. Chest 1990; 98: 613-9.

Baer GA, Talonen PP, Shneerson JM, Markkula H, Exner G, Wells FC. Phrenic nerve stimulation for central ventilatory failure with bipolar and four-pole electrode systems. PACE 1990; 13: 1061-1072.

Barratt DJ, Harvey LA, Cistulli PA, Nier L, and Denis S. The use of bronchodilators in people with recently acquired tetraplegia: a randomised cross-over trial. Spinal Cord 2012; 50: 836-839.

Baydur A, Adkins RH, Milic-Emili J. Lung mechanics in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects of injury level and posture. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 405-411.

Berlowitz DJ and Tamplin J. Respiratory muscle training for cervical spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013; 7: 1-42.

Berlowitz DJ, Brown DJ, Campbell DA, Pierce RJ. A longitudinal evaluation of sleep and breathing in the first year after cervical spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1193-9.

Berney S, Bragge P, Granger C, Opdam H, Denehy L. The acute respiratory management of cervical spinal cord injury in the first 6 weeks after injury: a systematic review. Spinal Cord 2011; 49: 17-29.

Biering-Sorensen M, Norup PW, Jacobsen E, Biering-Sorensen F. Treatment of sleep apnoea in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 271-3.

Bosch PR, Wells CL. Effect of immersion on residual volume of able-bodied and spinal cord injured males. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 384-8.

Brooks D, O’Brien K, Geddes EL, Crowe J, Reid WD. Is inspiratory muscle training effective for individuals with cervical spinal cord injury? A Qualitative Systematic Review. Clinical Rehab 2005; 19: 236-246.

Brurok B, Tørhaug T, Karlsen T, Leivseth G, Helgerud J, Hoff J. Effect of lower extremity functional electrical stimulation pulsed isometric contractions on arm cycling peak oxygen uptake in spinal cord injured individuals. J Rehabil Med 2013; 45: 254–259.

Burns SP, Kapur V, Yin KS, Buhrer R. Factors associated with sleep apnea in men with spinal cord injury: a population-based case-control study. Spinal Cord 2001; 39: 15-22.

Burns SP, Little JW, Hussey JD, Lyman P, Lakshminarayanan S. Sleep apnea syndrome in chronic spinal cord injury: associated factors and treatment. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 1334-9.

Burns SP, Rad MY, Bryant S, Kapur V. Long-term treatment of sleep apnea in persons with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 84: 620-6.

Butler JE, Godfrey S, Thomas CK. Depression of involuntary activity in muscles paralysed by spinal cord injury. Muscle Nerve 2006; 33: 637-644.

Butler JE, Lim J, Gorman RB, Boswell-Ruys C, Saboisky JP, Lee BB, Gandevia SC. Posterolateral surface electrical stimulation of abdominal expiratory muscles to enhance cough in spinal cord injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2011; 25:158-167.

Cameron TS, McKinstry A, Burt SK, Howard ME, Bellomo R, Brown DJ, et al. Outcomes of patients with spinal cord injury before and after introduction of an interdisciplinary tracheostomy team. Crit Care Resusc 2009; 11: 14-19.

Cao Y, Selassie AW, Krause JS. Risk of death after hospital discharge with traumatic spinal cord injury: a population-based analysis, 1998-2009. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:1054-1061.

Carter RE, Donovan WH, Halstead L, Wilkerson MA. Comparative Study of Electrophrenic nerve stimulation and mechanical vantilatory support in traumatic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1987; 25: 86-91.

Carter RE. Experience with ventilator dependent patients. Paraplegia 1993; 31: 150-3.

Carvalho DCL, Martins CL, Cardoso SD, Cliquet A. Improvement of metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses through treadmill gait training with neuromuscular electrical stimulation in quadriplegic subjects. Artif Organs 2006; 30: 56-63.

Chiodo AE, Sitrin RA, Bauman KA. Sleep disordered breathing in spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016 Jul; 39(4): 374–382.

Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine. Respiratory management following spinal cord injury: a clinical practice guideline for health-care professionals. In Clinical practice guidelines. Paralyzed Veterans of America; 2005.

Cornwell PL, Ward, EC, Lim Y, Wadsworth B. Impact of an Abdominal Binder on Speech Outcomes in People With Tetraplegic Spinal Cord Injury: Perceptual and Acoustic Measures. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2014;20(1):48–57. doi: 10.1310/sci2001-48.

Crew JD, Svircev JN, Burns SP. Mechanical insufflation-exsufflation device prescription for outpatients with tetraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33: 128-134.

Dale EA, Mabrouk FB, Mitchell GS. Unexpected benefits of intermittent hypoxia: Enhanced respiratory and nonrespiratory motor function. Physiology 2014; 29: 39–48.

Derrickson J, Ciesla N, Simpson N, Imle PC. A comparison of two breathing exercise programs for patients with quadriplegia. Physical Therapy 1992; 72: 763-769.

DeVivo MJ and Ivie CS. Life expectancy of ventilator-dependent person with spinal cord injuries. Chest 1995; 108: 226-232.

Dicpinigaitis PV, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Absgarten A, Almenoff PL. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness after cervical spinal cord injury. Chest 1994a; 105: 1073-6.

Dicpinigaitis PV, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Absgarten A, Almenoff PL. Inhibition of bronchial hyperresponsiveness by the GABA-agonist baclofen. Chest 1994b; 106: 758-61.

DiMarco AF, Kowalski KE, Hromyak DR, Geertman RT. Long-term follow-up of spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in subjects with spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 2014; 37: 380-388.

DiMarco AF, Kowalski KE, Geertman RT, Hromyak DR. Lower Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation to Restore Cough in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Results of a National Institutes of Health-Sponsored Clinical Trial. Part I: Methodology and Effectiveness of Expiratory Muscle Activation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009; 90: 717-725.

DiMarco AF, Onders RP, Ignagni A, Kowalski KE, Mortimer JT. Phrenic nerve pacing via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes in tetraplegic subjects. Chest 2005a; 127: 671-678.

DiMarco AF, Supinski GS, Petro JA, Takaoka Y.Evaluation of intercostal pacing to provide artificial ventilation in quadriplegics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 934-40.

DiMarco AF, Takaoko Y, Kowalski KE. Combined intercostal and diaphragm pacing to provide artificial ventilation in patients with tetraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005b; 86: 1200-1207.

Ehrlich M, Manns PJ, Poulin C. Respiratory training for a person with C3-C4 tetraplegia. Aust J Physiother 1999; 45: 301-307.

Elefteriades JA, Quin JA, Hogan JF, Holcomb WG, Letsou GV, Chlosta WF, Glenn WWL. Long-term follow-up of pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia. PACE 2002; 25: 897-906.

Esclarin A, Bravo P, Arroyo O, Mazaira J. Tracheostomy ventilation versus diaphragmatic pacemaker ventilation in high spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 687-93.

Estenne M, Pinet C, De Troyer A. Abdominal muscle strength in patients with tetraplegia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 707-12.

Estenne M, Van Muylem A, Gorini M, Kinnear W, Heilporn A, De Troyer A. Effects of abdominal strapping on forced expiration in tetraplegic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 95-8.

Fein ED, Grimm DR, Lesser M, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. The effects of ipratropium bromide on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. J Asthma. 1998; 35: 49-55.

Fenton JJ, Warner ML, Lammertse D, Charlifue S, Martinez L, Dannels-McClure A, Kreider S, Pretz C. A comparison of high vs standard tidal volumes in ventilator weaning for individuals with sub-acute spinal cord injuries: a site-specific randomized clinical trial. Spinal Cord (2016) 54, 234–238.

Fischer G, Tarperi C, George K, Ardigo LP. An Exploratory Study of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training in High Lesion Level Paraplegic Handbike Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2014: 24, 1, 69-75.

Fukuoka Y, Nakanishi R, Ueoka H, Kitano A, Takeshita K, Itoh M. Effects of wheelchair training on V_ O2 kinetics in the participants with spinal-cord injury. Disabil Rehabil 2006; 1: 167-174.

Ganuza JR, Forcada AG, Gambarrutta C, Buigues EDDLL, Gonzalez VEM, Fuentes FP, et al. Effect of technique and timing of tracheostomy in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury undergoing mechanical ventilation. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 76-84.

Garstang SV, Kirschblum SC, Wood KE. Patient preference for in-exsufflation for secretion management with spinal cord injury. J. Spinal Cord Med 2000; 23: 80-85.

Geddes EL, Reid WD, Brooks D, Crowe J, O’Brien K. A Primer on Inspiratory Muscle Trainers. Buyers Guide for the European Respiratory Society 2006.

Geddes EL, Reid WD, Crowe J, O’Brien K, Brooks D. Inspiratory muscle training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Respir Med 2005; 99: 1440-1458.

Giannoccaro MP, Moghadam KK, Pizza F, Boriani S, Maraldi NM, Avoni P, Morreale A, Liguori R, and Plazzi G. Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury. Sleep Medicine 2013; 17: 399-409.

Glenn WW, Holcomb WG, McLaughlin AJ, O’Hare JM, Hogan JF, Yasuda R. Total ventilatory support in a quadriplegic patient with radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration. N Engl J Med 1972; 286: 513-6.

Glenn WWL, HoganJF, Loke JSO, Ciesielski TE, Phelps ML, Rowedder R. Ventilatory support by pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1150-1155.

Glenn WWL, Holcomb WG, Shaw, RK, Hogan JF, Holschuh KR. Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia. Ann Surg 1976; 183: 566-576.

Gollee H, Hunt KJ, Allan DB, Fraser MH, McLean AN. Automatic electrical stimulation of abdominal wall muscles increases tidal volume and cough peak flow in tetraplegia. Technol Health Care 2008; 16: 273-281.

Griffiths J, Barber VS, Morgan L, Young JD. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies of the timing of tracheostomy in adult patients undergoing artificial ventilation. BMJ 2005; 330: 1243-1246.

Grimm DR, Arias E, Lesser M, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. Airway hyperresponsiveness to ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in subjects with tetraplegia. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 1165-9.

Grimm DR, DeLuca RV, Lesser M, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. Effects of GABA-B agonist baclofen on bronchial hyperreactivity to inhaled histamine in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. Lung 1997; 175: 333-41.

Grimm DR, Schilero GJ, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Lesser M. Salmeterol improves pulmonary function in persons with tetraplegia. Lung 2006; 184: 335–339.

Gross D, Ladd HW, Riley EJ, Macklem PT, Grassino A. The effect of training on strength and endurance of the diaphragm in quadriplegia. Am J Med 1980; 68: 27-35.

Gutierrez CJ, Harrow J, Haines F. Using an evidence-based protocol to guide rehabilitation and weaning of ventilator-dependent cervical spinal cord injury patients. J Rehabil Res Dev 2003; 40: 99-110.

Halstead LS, Groah SL, Libin A, Hamm LF, Priestley L. The effects of an anabolic agent on body composition and pulmonary function in tetraplegia: a pilot study. Spinal Cord 2010; 48: 55-59.

Hart N, Laffont I, de la Sota AP, Lejaille M, Macadou G, Polkey MI, et al. Respiratory effects of combined truncal and abdominal support in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1447-1451.

Hascakova-Bartova R, Dinant JF, Parent A, Ventura M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of completely paralyzed abdominal muscles in spinal cord-injured patients: a pilot study. Spinal Cord 2008; 46: 445-450.

Hess DR. The evidence for secretion clearance techniques Respir Care 2001; 46: 1276-93.

Hirschfeld S, Exner G, Luukkaala T, Baer GA. Mechanical ventilation or phrenic nerve stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury-induced respiratory insufficiency. Spinal Cord 2008; 46: 738-742.

Hirschfeld S, Vieweg H, Schulz AP, Thietje R, and Baer GA. Threshold currents of platinum electrodes used for functional electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves for treatment of central apnea. PACE 2013; 36: 714-718.

Holscher CM, Stewart CL, Peltz ED, Burlew CC, Moulton SL, Haenel JB, Bensard DD. Early tracheostomy improves outcomes in severely injured children and adolescents. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 2014, 49: 590–592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.002

Homma I, Nagai T, Sakai T, Ohashi M, Beppu M, Yonemoto K. Effect of chest wall vibration on ventilation in patients with spinal cord lesion. J Appl Physiol 1981; 50: 107-111.

Hooker SP, Wells CL. Effects of low- and moderate-intensity training in spinal cord-injured persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1989; 21: 18-22.

Hornstein S, Ledsome JR. Ventilatory muscle training in acute quadriplegia. Physiotherapy Canada 1986; 38: 145-149.

Jacobs PL. Effects of Resistance and Endurance Training in Persons with Paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 992-7.

Janssen TW, Pringle DD. Effects of modified electrical stimulation-induced leg cycle ergometer training for individuals with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2008; 45: 819-830.

Jeong JH, Yoo WG. Effects of air stacking on pulmonary function and peak cough flow in patients with cervical spinal cord injury J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2015, 27: 1951–1952.

Julia PE, Sa’ari MY, Hasnan N. Benefit of triple-strap abdominal binder on voluntary cough in patients with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2011; 49: 1138-1142.

Jung J, Chung E, Kim K, Lee BH, Lee J. The effects of aquatic exercise on pulmonary function in patients with spinal cord injury. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(5):707-9.

Kang SW, Shin JC, Park CI, Moon JH, Rha DW, Cho D-h. Relationship between inspiratory muscle strength and cough capacity in cervical spinal cord injured patients. Spinal Cord 2006; 44: 242-248.

Kaufman MR, Elkwood AI, Aboharb F, Cece J, Brown D, Rezzadeh K,Jarrahy R. Diaphragmatic Reinnervation in Ventilator-Dependent Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury and Concomitant Phrenic Nerve Lesions Using Simultaneous Nerve Transfers and Implantable Neurostimulators. Reconstr Microsurg 2015;31:391–395.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549159.

Kornblith LZ, Kutcher ME, Callcut RA, Redick BJ, Hu CK, Cogbill TH, et al. Mechanical ventilation weaning and extubation after spinal cord injury: a Western Trauma Association multicenter study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013;75(6):1060-1069.

Krieger LM, Krieger AJ. The intercostal to phrenic nerve transfer: an effective means of reanimating the diaphragm in patients with high cervical spine injury. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2000; 105: 1255-1261.

Laffont I, Bensmail D, Lortat-Jacob S, Falaize L, Hutin C, Le Bomin E, Ruquet M, Denys P, Lofaso F. Intermittent positive-pressure breathing effects in patients with high spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1575-1579.

Le Foll-de-Moro D, Tordi N, Lonsdorfer E, Lonsdorfer J. Ventilation efficiency and pulmonary function after wheelchair interval-training program in subjects with recent spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1582-1586.

Lee Y, Kim J and Jin Y. The efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation using a mechanical in-exsufflator and feedback respiratory training for cervical cord injury patients. J Phys Ther Sci 2012; 24: 89-92.

Li Q, Yao G, and Zhu X. High-dose ambroxol reduces pulmonary complications in patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury after surgery. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16: 267-272.

Liaw M-Y, Lin M-C, Cheng P-T, Wong M-K A, Tang F-T. Resistive inspiratory muscle training: its effectiveness in patients with acute complete cervical injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 752-756.

Linder SH. Functional electrical stimulation to enhance cough in quadriplegia. Chest 1993; 103: 166-9.

Linn WS, Adkins RH, Gong H Jr, Waters RL. Pulmonary function in chronic spinal cord injury: A cross-sectional survey of 222 southern California adult outpatients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81: 757-763.

Litchke LG, Lloyd LK, Schmidt EA, Russian CJ, and Reardon RF. Effects of concurrent respiratory resistance training on health-related quality of life in wheelchair rugby athletes: a pilot study. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012; 18(3): 264-272.

Loveridge B, Badour M, Dubo H. Ventilatory muscle endurance training in quadriplegia: effects on breathing pattern. Paraplegia 1989; 27: 329-339.

Luo C, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Gong Z. Respiratory Nursing Interventions Following Tracheostomy in Acute Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Biochem Biophys (2014) 70:455–459. DOI 10.1007/s12013-014-9940-5

Mayr W, Bijak M, Girsch W, Holle J, Lanmuller H, Thoma H, Zruneks. Multichannel stimulation of phrenic nerves by epineural electrodes. Clinical experience and future developments. ASAIO 1993; 39: M729-M735.

McBain RA, Boswell-Ruys CL, Lee BB, Gandevia SC, and Butler JE. Abdominal Muscle Training Can Enhance Cough After Spinal Cord Injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2015, 27(9) 834–843. DOI: 10.1177/1545968313496324

McBain RA, Boswell-Ruys CL,Lee BB, Gandevia SC and Butler JE. Abdominal muscle training can enhance cough after spinal cord injury. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 2013; 27(9): 834-843.

McCaughey EJ, Berry HR, McLean AN, Allan DB, Gollee H (2015). Abdominal Functional Electrical Stimulation to Assist Ventilator Weaning in Acute Tetraplegia: A Cohort Study. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0128589. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128589

McCool FD, Pichurko BM, Slutsky AS, Sarkarati M, Rossier A, Brown R. Changes in lung volume and rib cage configuration with abdominal binding in quadriplegia. J Appl Physiol 1986; 60: 1198-202.

McLachlan AJ, McLean AN, Allan DB, and Gollee H. Changes in pulmonary function measures following a passive abdominal functional electrical stimulation training program. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36(2): 97-103.

Miller JI, Farmer JA, Stuart W, Apple D. Phrenic nerve pacing of the quadriplegic patient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990; 99: 35-40.

Molgat-Seon Y, Hannan LM, Dominelli PB, Peters CM, Fougere RJ, McKim DA, Sheel AW, Road JD. Lung volume recruitment acutely increases respiratory system compliance in individuals with severe respiratory muscle weakness. ERJ Open Res 2017; 3: 00135-2016.

Moreno MA, Paris JV, Sarro KJ, Lodovico A, Silvatti AP, and Barros RML. Wheelchair rugby improves pulmonary function in people with tetraplegia after 1 year of training. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27(1): 50-56.

Mueller G, Hopman MTE, and Perret C. Comparison of respiratory muscle training methods in individuals with motor complete tetraplegia. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012; 18(2): 118-121.

Mueller G, Hopman MTE, and Perret C. Comparison of respiratory muscle training methods in individuals with motor and sensory complete tetraplegia: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med 2013; 45: 248-253.

Nakajima K, Sharkey PC. Electrophrenic respiration in patients with craniocervical trauma. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1990; 54-55: 233-236.

Oakes DD, Wilmot CB, Halverson D, Hamilton RD. Neurogenic respiratory failure: a 5-year experience using implantable phrenic nerve stimulators. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1980; 30: 118-121.

Onders RP, Dimarco AF, Ignagni AR, Aiyar H, Mortimer JT. Mapping the phrenic nerve motor point: the key to a successful laparoscopic diaphragm pacing system in the first human series. Surgery 2004; 136: 819-26.

Onders RP, Khansarinia S, Weiser T, Chin C, Hungness E, Soper N, et al. Multicenter analysis of diaphragm pacing in tetraplegics with cardiac pacemakers: positive implications for ventilator weaning in intensive care units. Surgery 2010; 148: 893-7.

Peterson W, Charlifue W, Gerhart A, Whiteneck G. Two methods of weaning persons with quadriplegia from mechanical ventilators. Paraplegia 1994; 32: 98-103.

Pillastrini P, Bordini S, Bazzocchi G, Belloni G, Menarini M. Study of the effectiveness of bronchial clearance in subjects with upper spinal cord injuries: examination of a rehabilitation programme involving mechanical insufflation and exsufflation. Spinal Cord 2006; 44: 614–616.

Posluszny JA Jr., Onders R, Kerwin AJ, Weinstein MS, Stein DM, Knight J, Lottenberg L, Cheatham ML, Khansarinia S, Dayal S, Byers PM, Diebel L. Multicenter review of diaphragm pacing in spinal cord injury: Successful not only in weaning from ventilators but also in bridging to independent respiration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013, Volume 76, Number 2. 303-310. DOI: 10.1097/TA.0000000000000112.

Postma K, Haisma JA, Hopman MTE, Bergen MP, Stam HJ, Bussmann JB. 2014. Resistive Inspiratory Muscle Training in People With Spinal Cord Injury During Inpatient Rehabilitation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Volume 94 Number 12 Physical Therapy. December 2014. 1709-1719.

Prigent H, Roche N, Laffont I, Lejaille M, Falaize L, Barbot F, et al. Relation between corset use and lung function postural variation in spinal cord injury. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 1126-1129.

Proserpio P, Lanza A, Sambusida K, Fratticci L, Frigerio P, Sommariva M…Nobili L. Sleep apnea and periodic leg movements in the first year after spinal cord injury. Sleep Medicine 2015; 16: 59–66.

Quesnel A, Veber B, Proust F, Agasse E, Beuret Blanquart F, Verin E. What are the perspectives for ventilated tetraplegics? A French retrospective study of 108 patients with cervical spinal cord injury Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 2015; 58, 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2014.12.004

Rabadi MH, Mayanna SK, Vincent AS. Predictors of mortality in veterans with traumatic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2013;51:784-788.

Reid WD, Brown JA, Konnyu KJ, Rurak JM, Sakakibara BM. Physiotherapy secretion removal techniques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2010; 33: 353-370.

Reid WD, Chung F. Clinical Management Notes and Case Histories in Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Publishers; 2004. Reid WD, Geddes EL, Brooks D, O’Brien K, Crowe J. Inspiratory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Special Series on Skeletal Muscle Training. Physiotherapy Canada 2004; 56: 128-142.

Ribot-Ciscar E, Butler JE, Thomas CK. Facilitation of triceps brachii muscle contraction by tendon vibration after chronic cervical spinal cord injury. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 2358-2367.

Romero J, Vari A, Gambarrutta C, Oliviero A. Tracheostomy timing in traumatic spinal cord injury. Eur Spine J 2009; 18: 1452-57.

Romero-Ganuza J, Garcia-Forcada A, Vargas E, Gambarrutta C. An intermediate respiratory care unit for spinal cord-injured patients. A retrospective study. Spinal Cord (2015) 53, 552–556. doi:10.1038/sc.2015.10

Romero-Ganuza J, Gambarruta C, Merlo-Gonzalez VE, Marin-Ruiz MA, Diez de la Lastra-Buigues E, Oliviero A. Complications of tracheostomy after anterior cervical spine fixation surgery. American Journal of Otolaryngology 2011; 32: 408-411.

Roquily A, Seguin P, Mimoz O, Feuillet F, Rosenczweig E, Chevalier F, Loutrel O, Malledant Y, Sebille V, Asehnoune K. Risk factors for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation in acute traumatic tetraplegic patients—a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Critical Care 2014; 29, 313.e7–313.e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.021

Ross J, White M. Removal of the tracheostomy tube in the aspirating spinal cord-injured patient. Spinal Cord 2003; 41: 636-42.

Rutchik A, Weissman AR, Almenoff PL, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Grimm DR. Resistive IMT in subjects with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 293-297.

Sankari A, Bascom AT, Riehani A, Badr MS. Tetraplegia is associated with enhanced peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and ventilatory long-term facilitation. J Appl Physiol 2015; 119: 1183–1193.

Sankari A, Bascom AT, Badr MS. Upper airway mechanics in chronic spinal cord injury during sleep. J Appl Physiol 2014 116: 1390–1395. Schilero GJ, Grimm D, Spungen AM, Lenner R, Lesser M. Bronchodilator responses to metaproterenol sulfate among subjects with spinal cord injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2004; 41: 59-64.

Sharkey PS, Halter JA, Nakajima K. Electrophrenic respiration in patients with high quadriplegia. Neurosurgery 1989; 24: 529-535.

Shavelle RM, DeVivo MJ, Strauss DJ, Paculdo DR, Lammertse DP, Day SM. Long-term survival of persons ventilator dependent after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29:511-519.

Sheel AW, Reid WD, Townson AF, Ayas NT, Konnyu KJ. Effects of exercise training and inspiratory muscle training in spinal cord injury: a systematic review. J Spinal Cord Med 2008; 31: 500-508.

Short DJ, Stradling JR, Williams SJ. Prevalence of sleep apnoea in patients over 40 years of age with spinal cord lesions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 1032-6.

Signorile JF, Banovac K, Gomez M, Flipse D, Caruso JF, Lowensteyn I. Increased muscle strength in paralyzed patients with spinal cord injury: Effect of a beta-2 adrenergic agonist. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1995; 76: 55–58.

Silva AC, Neder JA, Chiurciu MV, da Cunha Pasqualin D, da Silva RCQ, Fernandez AC, Lauro FAA, de Mello MT, Tufik S. Effect of aerobic training on ventilatory muscle endurance of spinal cord injured men. Spinal Cord 1998; 86: 240-245.

Singas E, Grimm DR, Almenoff PL, Lesser M. Inhibition of airway hyperreactivity by oxybutynin chloride in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1999; 37: 279-83.

Singas E, Lesser M, Spungen AM, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in subjects with spinal cord injury. Chest 1996; 110: 911-5.

Spivak E, Keren O, Niv D, Levental J, Steinberg F, Barak K, Chen B, Zupan A, Catz A. Electromyographic signal activated functional electrical stimulation of abdominal muscles: the effect on pulmonary function in patients with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord 2007; 45: 491-495.

Spungen AM, Dicpinigaitis PV, Almenoff PL, Bauman WA. Pulmonary obstruction in individuals with cervical spinal cord lesions unmasked by bronchodilator administration. Paraplegia 1993;31:404-7.

Spungen AM, Grimm DR, Lesser M, Bauman WA, Almenoff PL. Self-reported prevalence of pulmonary symptoms in subjects with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 1997; 35: 652-657.

Spungen AM, Grimm DR, Strakhan M, Pizzolato PM, Bauman WA. Treatment with an anabolic agent is associated with improvement in respiratory function in persons with tetraplegia: a pilot study. Mt Sinai J Med 1999; 66: 201-5.

Stiller K, Simionato R, Rice K, Hall B. The effect of intermittent positive pressure breathing on lung volumes in acute quadriparesis. Paraplegia 1992; 30: 121-126.

Stockhammer E, Tobon A, Michel F, Eser P, Scheuler W, Bauer W, Baumberger M, Muller W, Kakebeeke TH, Knecht H, Zach GA. Characteristics of sleep apnea syndrome in tetraplegic patients. Spinal Cord 2002; 40: 286-94.

Sutbeyaz ST, Koseoglu BF, Gokkay NKO. The combined effects of controlled breathing techniques and ventilatory and upper extremity muscle exercise on cardiopulmonary responses in patients with spinal cord injury. Int J Rehabil Res 2005; 28: 273-276.

Taira T, Hori T. Diaphragm pacing with a spinal cord stimulator: current state and future directions. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007; 97: 289-92.

Tamplin J, Baker FA, Grocke D, Brazzale DJ, Pretto JJ, Ruehland WR, Buttifant M, Brown DJ and Berlowitz DJ. Effect of singing on respiratory function, voice and mood after quadriplegia: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94: 426-434.

Tamplin J, Berlowitz DJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of respiratory muscle training on pulmonary function in tetraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2014;52(3):175-80.

Taylor JA, Picard G, Porter A, Morse LR, Pronovost MF, Deley G. Hybrid functional electrical stimulation exercise training alters the relationship between spinal cord injury level and aerobic capacity. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2014; 95: 2172-9.

Tedde ML, Filho PV, Hajjar LA, de Almeida JP, Flora GF, Okumara EM, Osawa EA, Fukushima JT, Teixeira MJ, Galas FRBG, Jatene FB, and Auler Jr JOC. Diaphragmatic pacing stimulation in spinal cord injury: anesthetic and perioperative management. Clinics 2012; 67(11): 1265-1269.

Terson de Paleville et al., 2013 Locomotor step training with body weight support improvesrespiratory motor function in individuals with chronic spinalcord injuryDaniela Terson de Palevillea, William McKayc,d, Sevda Aslanb, Rodney Folzc,Dimitry Sayenkob, Alexander Ovechkinb,∗. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 189 (2013) 491– 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.08.018

Tester NJ, Fuller DD, Fromm JS, Spiess MR, Berhman AL, Mateika JH. Long-term facilitation of ventilation in humans with chronic spinal cord injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189: 57–65.

Thomaz S, Beraldo P, Mateus S, Horan T, Leal JC. Effects of partial isothermic immersion on the spirometry parameters of tetraplegic patients. Chest 2005; 128: 184-9.

Tiftik T, Gökkaya NKO, Malas FÜ, Tunç H, Yalçın S, Ekiz T, Erden E, Akkuş S. Does locomotor training improve pulmonary function in patients with spinal cord injury? Spinal Cord 2015; 53, 467–470. doi:10.1038/sc.2014.251

Torres-Castro R, Vilaro J, Vera-Uribe R, Monge G, Aviles P and Suranyi C. Use of air stacking and abdominal compression for cough assistance in people with complete tetraplegia. Spinal Cord 2014; 52: 354–357; doi:10.1038/sc.2014.

Uijl SG, Houtman S, Folgering HT, Hopman MT. Training of the respiratory muscles in individuals with tetraplegia. Spinal Cord 1999; 37: 575-9.

Valent LJ, Dallmeijer AJ, Houdijk H, Slootman HJ, Post MW, van der Woude LH. Influence of hand cycling on physical capacity in the rehabilitation of persons with a spinal cord injury: a longitudinal cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2008; 89: 1016-1022.

Van Houtte S, Vanlandewijck Y, Gosselink R. Respiratory muscle training in persons with spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Respir Med 2006; 100: 1886-1895.

Van Houtte S, Vanlandewijck Y, Kiekens C, Spengler CM, Gosselink R. Patients with acute spinal cord injury benefit from normocapnic hyperpnoea training. J Rehabil Med 2008; 40: 119-125.

Wadsworth BM, Haines TP, Cornwell PL, Paratz JD. Abdominal binder use in people with spinal cord injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord 2009; 47: 274-285.

Wadsworth BM, Haines TP, Cornwell PL, Rodwell LT, and Paratz JD. Abdominal binder improves lung volumes and voice in people with tetraplegic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93: 2189-2197.

West CR, Taylor BJ, Campbell IG, Romer LM. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on exercise responses in Paralympic athletes with cervical spinal cord injury. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014: 24: 764–772. doi: 10.1111/sms.12070

West CR, Campbell IG, Shave RE and Romer LM. Effects of abdominal binding on cardiorespiratory function in cervical spinal cord injury. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 2012; 180: 275-282.

Wong SL, Shem K, and Crew J. Specialized respiratory management for acute cervical spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18: 283-290.

Yang ML, Li JJ, Gao F, Du LJ, Zhao HP, Wang YM…and Zhou TJ. A preliminary evaluation of the surgery to reconstruct thoracic breathing in patients with high cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2014; 52: 564–569.

Zimmer MB, Nantwi K, Goshgarian HG. Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options. J Spinal Cord Med 2007; 30:319-330.