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Evidence
Acute Evidence
Cardiovascular Complications during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
Methods
Introduction
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
Effect of Disrupted Autonomic Control on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular Complications during Acute SCI
Neurogenic Shock
Orthostatic Hypotension
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Bradycardia and Arrhythmias
Interventions for Cardiovascular Complications during Acute SCI
Interventions for Neurogenic Shock
Pharmacological Interventions for Neurogenic Shock
Interventions for Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension
Non-pharmacological Interventions for Orthostatic Hypotension
Pharmacological Interventions for Orthostatic Hypotension
Interventions for Hemodynamic Management
Interventions for Bradycardia
Pharmacological Interventions for Bradycardia
Surgical Interventions for Bradycardia
Summary
Key Points
References
Abbreviations
Neuroprotection during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
Methods
Abbreviations
Introduction
Phases of Injury
Overview of Secondary Injuries
Pharmaceutical Agents for Neuroprotection during Acute SCI
Steroids
Naloxone
Tirilazad Mesylate
Nimodipine
Erythropoietin
GM-1 Ganglioside
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
Gacyclidine
Additional Phase I and Phase II Clinical Trials for Neuroprotective Pharmaceutical Agents during Acute SCI
Summary
References
Respiratory Management during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
Methods
Introduction
Neuronal Control of Breathing
Measurements for Lung Volume and Lung Capacity
Pulmonary Complications during Acute SCI
Mechanical Ventilation
Intubation
Tracheostomy
Comparative or Combination Interventions
Timing of Mechanical Ventilation
Secretion Removal Techniques during Acute SCI
Ventilation Weaning, Extubation and Decannulation
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Function Improvement during Acute SCI
Respiratory Muscle Training
Diaphragm Pacing
Intermittent Positive Pressure Breathing for Acute SCI patients
Pharmacological Interventions for Pulmonary Function Improvement during Acute SCI
Hospital Programs for Respiratory Management during Acute SCI
Summary
Key Points
References
Abbreviations
Imaging of Spinal Cord Injuries
Methods
Introduction
Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Spinal Cord Injury Without Radiographic Abnormality
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Summary
References
Abbreviations
Surgical Interventions during the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury
Introduction
Surgery for Traumatic SCI
Decompression Surgery
Effect of Timing on Decompression and/or Stabilization Surgery Post SCI
Surgery for Traumatic Central Cord Syndrome
Surgical Stabilization
Prognosis Following Surgery for SCI
Surgical Management versus Other Methods
Bone Marrow Transfer
Management of Spinal Cord Compression by Metastatic Lesions
Decompression or Stabilization
Surgery in Combination with Radiotherapy
Laminoplasty and Laminectomy
Laminectomy and Fusion
Laminoplasty
Surgery for Miscellaneous Myelopathies
Cervical Spondylosis
Degenerative Compressive Myelopathy
Spinal Stenosis
Syringomyelia and Tethered Spinal Cord
Summary
References
Abbreviations
Rehabilitation Evidence
Aging
Abbreviations
Introduction
Mortality and Life Expectancy
Physiological Aging
Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems
Immune System
Musculoskeletal System
Respiratory System
Nervous System
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues
Genitourinary and Gastrointestinal Systems
Secondary Complications of Multiple Systems
Functional Independence
Quality of Life and Community Reintegration
Summary
References
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Introduction
Pathophysiology of AD
How to Assess – Autonomic Assessment Form
Management
Prevention Strategies
Prevention of AD during Bladder Procedures
Botulinum Toxin
Intravesical Capsaicin
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Toxin Therapy for SCI-Related Detrusor Overactivity
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Therapeutic Interventions for Detrusor Overactivity with Detrusor External Sphincter Dyssynergia in Spinal Cord Injury
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Enhancing Bladder Volumes Pharmacologically
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Toxin Therapy for SCI-Related Detrusor Overactivity
Anticholinergic Therapy for SCI-Related Detrusor Overactivity
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